TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................P-1 Table of Cases .................................................................................. TC-1 INTRODUCTION IN:10 Overview .............................................................................. INT-1 IN:20 What is Defamation? ............................................................. INT-3 IN:30 What is the Difference Between Libel and Slander? ................ INT-12 IN:40 Innuendo: Do Words Have to be Defamatory in Their Primary Meaning in Order to be Actionable?......................... INT-14 IN:50 Publication: At What Time is a Libel Committed? ................. INT-18 IN:60 Where is a Libel Committed? ............................................... INT-19 IN:70 Criminal Libel: Can There be Criminal as Well as Civil Consequences to a Libel? ..................................................... INT-22 Chapter 1 THE PLAINTIFF 1:10 When can a Corporation sue or be sued for Defamation?..............1-1 1:20 Can Associations and Trade Unions sue and be sued for Defamation?...............................................................................1-4 1:30 What is the Position of Groups or Classes of Persons who may Consider Themselves to Have Been Libelled?.........................1-8 1:40 What Significance is There to Whether the Person Defamed is Living or Dead? .................................................................... 1-11 1:50 What can be Said About a Person's Business and Trade? ............ 1-12 Chapter 2 THE DEFENDANT 2:10 Intention: Does it Matter That a Person Publishing a Libel did not Intend to Defame Anyone?..............................................2-1 2:20 Malice: Can the Mere Telling of an Untruth About a Person Result in Liability? .....................................................................2-3 2:30 Repetition: Is it a Defence to an Allegation of Libel That the Publisher was Only Repeating Words Uttered by Others?..............2-4 2:40 Who is Responsible for a Published Libel? ...................................2-7 2:50 What Right Does a Publisher Have to Refuse to Print a Libel Submitted for Publication by an Author or Advertiser? ............... 2-13 C-1 September 2016 CANADIAN DEFAMATION LAW AND PRACTICE Chapter 3 MEDIA DEFENDANTS 3:10 Right of Retraction ....................................................................3-1 3:20 Letters to the Editor and Guest Editorials....................................3-1 Chapter 4 DEFENCES 4:10 When is a Publisher Entitled to Print Defamatory Material?..........4-1 4:20 What is ªJustificationº? ..............................................................4-1 4:30 What is ªFair Commentº?...........................................................4-6 4:40 What is the ªPublic Interestº Required for the Defence of Fair Comment? ........................................................................ 4-11 4:50 Is There any Special Position With Respect to Public Figures?..... 4-12 4:60 Privilege: Are There Occasions Whose Special Character Protects Statements Published on Those Occasions? .................... 4-16 4:60.10 Absolute Privilege ............................................................ 4-16 4:60.20 Qualified Privilege ............................................................ 4-23 4:60.30 Periodicals and Newspapers ........................................... 4-32.2 4:60.40 The United Kingdom Reynolds Privilege and Media Defendants ................................................................... 4-32.3 4:60.50 Development in Canada Ð Defence of Responsible Communication On Matters of Public Interest................. 4-32.4 4:70 Negligent Publication............................................................. 4-32.8 4:80 Republication of Privileged Statements.................................... 4-32.9 4:90 Consent or Authorization.......................................................... 4-34 Chapter 5 REMEDIES 5:10 Apology.....................................................................................5-1 5:20 Injunctions.................................................................................5-5 5:30 Damages.................................................................................. 5-15 Chapter 6 LITIGATING A DEFAMATION ACTION 6:10 Statutory Notices and Limitation Periods.....................................6-2 6:10.10 Who is Entitled to Notice?..................................................6-5 6:10.20 Contents of the Notice and Practice Considerations ..............6-8 6:10.30 Service and Timing of the Notice ........................................6-9 6:10.40 Motions to Strike where no Notice.................................... 6-11 6:10.50 Notice to the CBC and Crown .......................................... 6-11 6:10.60 Limitation Periods Re Newspapers and Broadcasts............. 6-12 6:10.70 Single Publication Rule and the Internet ............................ 6-13 6:10.80 General Limitation Periods ............................................... 6-15 6:20 Pleadings: Statement of Claim ................................................... 6-15 6:20.10 Importance of Pleadings in Defamation Actions ................. 6-15 6:20.20 Presumptions ................................................................... 6-16 6:20.30 Publication ...................................................................... 6-16 C-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6:20.40 Defamatory Communication .......................................... 6-16.2 6:20.40.10 Pleading the Entire Article and Books .................... 6-16.3 6:20.40.20 Audio-Visual Broadcasts and Motion Pictures............ 6-17 6:20.50 Pleading the Defamatory Meaning..................................... 6-18 6:20.60 Where the Plaintiff is not Named in the Defamatory Communication................................................................ 6-20 6:20.70 Damages ......................................................................... 6-20 6:20.80 Jurisdiction and Place of Trial........................................... 6-21 6:30 Pleadings: Statement of Defence ................................................ 6-23 6:30.10 Introduction .................................................................... 6-23 6:30.20 Justification ..................................................................... 6-24 6:30.20.10 Polly Peck: Justifying the Defendants' Meaning.......... 6-26 6:30.20.20 Partial Plea of Justification ....................................... 6-29 6:30.30 Fair Comment and the Rolled-up Plea............................... 6-30 6:30.40 Privilege .......................................................................... 6-31 6:30.50 Consent or Authorization ................................................. 6-32 6:30.60 Jest and Implied Facts...................................................... 6-32 6:30.70 Pleading The Charter of Rights ......................................... 6-34 6:30.80 Mitigation of Damages ..................................................... 6-36 6:40 Security for Costs..................................................................... 6-40 6:50 Reply ...................................................................................... 6-43 6:60 Discovery................................................................................. 6-44 6:60.10 Different from Other Actions?........................................... 6-44 6:60.20 Documentary Production.................................................. 6-46 6:60.30 Plaintiff's Discovery of the Defendant................................ 6-47 6:60.40 Defendant's Discovery of the Plaintiff................................ 6-49 6:70 Evidence at Trial ...................................................................... 6-51 6:70.10 Burden of Proof and Presumptions.................................... 6-53 6:70.20 Evidence for the Plaintiff .................................................. 6-54 6:70.20.10 Publication .............................................................. 6-54 6:70.20.20 Identification of the Plaintiff..................................... 6-55 6:70.20.30 Proof of Defamatory Meaning .................................. 6-56 6:70.20.40 Evidence of Reputation and Damages ....................... 6-59 6:70.30 Evidence for the Defendant............................................... 6-60 6:70.30.10 Proof of Justification................................................ 6-60 6:70.30.20 Proof of Privilege.................................................. 6-60.1 6:70.30.30 Proof of Fair Comment......................................... 6-60.2 6:70.40 Evidence in Mitigation of Damages ................................... 6-61 6:70.40.10 The Plaintiff's Poor Reputation or Imprudence .......... 6-62 6:70.40.20 Apology and Retraction ........................................... 6-64 6:70.40.30 The Defendant's State of Mind ................................. 6-65 6:70.40.40 Other Statutory Provisions in Mitigation of Damages ................................................................. 6-65 6:70.50 Reply Evidence ................................................................ 6-66 6:70.50.10 Proof of Malice ....................................................... 6-66 C-3 September 2016 CANADIAN DEFAMATION LAW AND PRACTICE 6:70.60 Motion for Non-Suit ........................................................ 6-68 6:80 Forum/Juries............................................................................ 6-69 6:80.10 Proper Court and