SCHOOL OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCE INDOOR THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS OF INFILL BUILDINGS IN STONE TOWN ZANZIBAR LEPERES IRENE NAILANTEI B02/0913/2013 DEDICATION To my late dad. This is for you. iii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and to the best of my knowledge has not been presented for the award of a degree in this university of Nairobi or any other institution.This thesi is submitted in part fulfillment of the examination requirements for the award of the Bachelors of Architecture degree, Department of Architecture and building science, University of Nairobi. Author: LEPERES IRENE NAILANTEI Signature.....................................................................................Date...................................................... Tutor: Dr Linda Nkatha Signature......................................................................................Date..................................................... Year master:Arch Nobert Musyoki Signature......................................................................................Date.................................................... Chairman, Department of Architecture and building Science,University of Nairobi. Arch. Musau Kimeu Signature.....................................................................................Date...................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To my Almighty God with whom all things are possible. To my family,Mom,Salaton,Sianoi,Olonana and Soila for your love,prayers and support both in my academics and none academic ventures and most of all for your constant faith in me, that kept me going. To my tutor Dr Linda Nkatha for your tireless efforts, sacrificial assistance and immense input throughout the process of writing this thesis. To the chairman the department of Architecture and Building science Arch. Musau Kimeu, thank you for your insights,guidance and being an inspiration. To the Year co-ordinator, Arch Nobert Musyoki for your invaluable instruct and feedback at every stage of shaping the dissertation. To all lecturers ,Department of Architecture and Building Science: Professor Jerry Magutu,Professor Rukwaro Arch. Adnan Mwakulomba, Professor Tom Anyamba,Arch Bob Muhia,Arch. Kigara,Dr mahinda,Dr Kamenju,Kahare Miano and all whom i did not mention, Thank you for your assistance and for seeing me through to the final lap. For my study, I appreciate the Stonetown Conservation and Development Authority office(STCDA) for its help in accessing the various case studies in stonetown Zanzibar. In particular Bw Rashid, Bi mafunda, Bi Madina, Muumin and Massoud I say thank you for all the assistance accorded. To my classmates; You have positively influenced my life. To my bay members,Benard, Alice,Sheila,Nasongo,Karuga and Kabubi It has been wonderful and pleasure knowing you all. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE ��������������������������������������������������������������1 1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS .......................................... 14 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 2 CHAPTER TWO ������������������������������������������������������������16 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................ 3 2.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 17 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ............................................ 5 2.1 THE SWAHILI COAST .......................................... 17 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION ............................................ 5 2.1.1 HISTORY ..... .................................................................................... 17 2.1.2 CIVILIZATION .......................................................................... 20 1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY. .................................. 5 2.1.3 MAJOR TOWNS IN THE EAST AFRICAN COAST ................... 22 1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ............................................ 6 2.2 ZANZIBAR . ���������������������������������������������������������������� 32 1.7 RESEARCH METHODS. ............................................ 8 2.2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 32 a) Literature Review on published materials ....................................8 2.2.3 STONE TOWN, ZANZIBAR ............................................................ 36 b) Unpublished material ............................................................ 10 2.2.2 CLIMATE OF ZANZIBAR ............................................................ 35 c) Internet sources .......................................................................... 11 2.1.5 MAJOR BUILDING TYPOLOGIES OF THE SWAHILI COAST ..... 26 d) Fieldwork ......... .................................................................................... 11 2.2.4 STONETOWN ZANZIBAR TOWN STRUCTURE ................... 38 1.8 CHAPTER BREAKDOWN. .......................................... 13 2.3 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES IN STONETOWN ZANZIBAR ��� 40 1. Chapter One: INTRODUCTION ............................................... 13 2.3.1 TRADITIONAL STONE HOUSES PRESENT IN STONE TOWN ZANZI- Two: THE SWAHILI COAST AND ITS ARCHITECTURE ..... 13 2. Chapter BAR. ....................... .................................................................................... 40 Three: RESEARCH METHODS ............................................... 13 3. Chapter 2.3.2 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE ............................................... 43 Four: ANALYSIS OF STONETOWN ZANZIBAR ................... 13 4. Chapter 2.3.3 BUILDING COMPONENTS ............................................................ 44 5. Chapter Five: ANALYSIS OF THE CASESTUDIES ................... 14 2.3.4 SPECIAL ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES ................................. 45 : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..... 14 6. Chaptersix STREET WIDTH TO BUILDING HEIGHT RATIOS ................................. 50 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.4 THERMAL COMFORT CONDITION ANALYSIS OF STONE- 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................... 67 TOWN ZANZIBAR .................................................... 51 3.1.1 FIELD STUDY AREA ............................................................ 68 2.4.1 Bioclimatic chart .......................................................................... 51 3.1.2 SAMPLED CASE STUDY BUILDING METHOD ................... 68 2.4.2 Psychometric chart ............................................................ 53 3.1.3 PARAMETERS INVESTIGATED IN EACH CASE STUDY ..... 69 2.4.3 Mahoney tables. .......................................................................... 53 3.2 DATA COLLECTION METHOD ................................ 69 2.4.4 CLOTHING ANALYSIS ............................................................ 54 3.2.1 Interviews .. .................................................................................... 70 CONTEMPORARY CLOTHING ............................................................ 55 3.2.2 Observation .......................................................................... 70 2.4.2 DAY TO DAY ACTIVITIES STUDY ............................................... 57 3.2.3 Physical measurements ............................................................ 70 MIXED URBAN FUNCTIONS. ............................................................ 57 3.2.4 Scientific measurements ............................................................ 71 2.5 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION IN STONETOWN ZANZI- 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD .......................................... 71 BAR. ............... ���������������������������������������������������������������� 59 2.5.1 TRADITIONAL MATERIALS ............................................................ 59 3.4 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS METHOD ...................... 72 2.5.2 CONTEMPORY MATERIALS IN USE CONTEMPORARY BUILDINGS 3.5 SUMMARY .................................................... 73 IN STONE TOWN ZANZIBAR ............................................................ 63 CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................75 2.1.4 TOWN STRUCTURE AND PLANING OF SWAHILI COASTAL CITIES. .................................................................................................................... 24 4.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 76 2.5.3SUMMARY OF EMBODIED ENERGY OF MATERIALS USED IN 4.1 STONETOWN WARDS .......................................... 77 STONE TOWN ....... .................................................................................... 64 4.2 STONETOWN PLANNING DEVELOPMENT ...................... 78 2.6 SUMMARY . ���������������������������������������������������������������� 65 4.3.1 JAWS CORNER .......................................................................... 79 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................66 4.3 ARCHITECTURE IN THE MAIN REGIONS IN STONETOWN 3.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 67 ....................................................................................... 79 4.3.2 SOKOMUHUGO STREET ............................................................ 80 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.3.3 FORODHANI PARK .......................................................................... 81 5.3.1 HISTORY OF OWNERSHIP AND OCCUPANCY. ................... 97 4.3.4 MKUNAZINI STREET ............................................................ 82 5.3.2 NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT ............................................... 97 4.3.5 SHANGANI STREET ...........................................................