Medieval Theory -Guido of Arezzo developed solomization -solfege came from the hymn “Ut queant laxis” -9th century oral transmission of music -10th century heightened neumes -11th century four line staff and square notation Secular Music Jongleur -Golliards -age of chivalry, courtly love -knightly love kin to monk with god -a religious love in secular music -chanson de geste (song of deeds) ex. King Arthur -were looked down upon, traveled from town to town Troubadour (Southern France) -12th century -educated family, higher class -knew how to read and write music -langue d’oc Trouveres (Northern France) -founder and seeker of song -langue d’oil -chansonnier secular love poetry (monophonic) -pastourelle seduction song Adam de la Halle’s Jeu de Robin et Marion -trouvere -monophonic rondeau (repeating refrain) -low style (profane aspect) -unsuccessful love -vernacular language (langue d’oil) Can vei la lauzeta mover -troubadour -strophic form -8 stanzas -modal music, Dorian mode -word-painting www.notesolution.com -narrow range -more virtuosic A Chantar -troubadour -ABABCDB -phrase end with same cadence (rhyme scheme) -more structural organization -Frauenlob famous German Minnesinger) Polyphony -organum earliest witten polyphony singing simultaneously at more than one pitch evidence in Musica & Scolica Enchriadis -parallel motion note vs. note, harmonized with fourth and fifth -contrary motion one melody with another melody beneath early cadence structure usually ends in octave Alleluia Justus ut Palma -word-painting melisma on “multiply”, multiple note -best singers do the harmony, chorus becomes monophonic -sequence on the last syllable of Alleluis -florid chant melody is below, add notes to the top many notes to one note -Notre Dame School florid polyphony/ organum Leonin & Perotin Advancements -rhythmic organization (6 rhythmic modes) -compound triple meter (6/8, 9/8) -elongated chant (drone) in bottom (tenor) voice -more distinct with emphasis -discant use of rhythmic mode -Clausula solo melisma -Leonin best creator or organum, some are arthymic, some are rhythmic Magnus Liber Organi (cycle of 2 part organum) www.notesolution.com -Perotin add third and fourth voice -choral monophonic chant -solo syllabic section of plainchant became organum -solo melismatic section of plainchant became discant clausula (rhythmic) -motet text added up upper voice of discant clausula -chant is in the bottom voice, in elongated drone so it is hard to hear -purpose of the technique is faith, even though you can’t see god, he’s there parallels with the notion melody is there even you can’t recognize ite 3 Levels of Music (Boethius 1) Music of Sphere (heavenly) 2) Soul (bodily harmony) 3) Instrument (audible) Conductus newly composed melodies and text (non-liturgical) rhythmic homorhythmic (voices move together in same rhythm form AABC www.notesolution.com.