<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Structural-functional studies in English grammar: In honor of Lachlan Mackenzie"SUBJECT "Studies in Language Companion Series, Volume 83"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "240"WIDTH "160"VOFFSET "4"> Structural-Functional Studies in English Grammar Studies in Language Companion Series (SLCS) The SLCS series has been established as a companion series to Studies in Language, International Journal, sponsored by the Foundation “Foundations of Language”. Series Editors Werner Abraham Michael Noonan University of Vienna University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Editorial Board Joan Bybee Christian Lehmann University of New Mexico University of Erfurt Ulrike Claudi Robert Longacre University of Cologne University of Texas, Arlington Bernard Comrie Brian MacWhinney Max Planck Institute Carnegie-Mellon University For Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig Marianne Mithun William Croft University of California, Santa Barbara University of New Mexico Edith Moravcsik Östen Dahl University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee University of Stockholm Masayoshi Shibatani Gerrit Dimmendaal Rice University and Kobe University University of Leiden Russell Tomlin Ekkehard König University of Oregon Free University of Berlin Volume 83 Structural-Functional Studies in English Grammar In honour of Lachlan Mackenzie Edited by Mike Hannay and Gerard J. Steen Structural-Functional Studies in English Grammar In honour of Lachlan Mackenzie Edited by Mike Hannay Gerard J. Steen Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Structural-functional studies in English grammar : in honour of Lachlan Mackenzie / edited by Mike Hannay and Gerard J. Steen. p. cm. (Studies in Language Companion Series, issn 0165–7763 ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Functionalism (Linguistics). 2. English language--Grammar. I. Hannay, Michael. II. Steen, Gerard. III. Mackenzie, J. Lachlan. P147 .S76 2007 410.1/8--dc22 2006051825 isbn 978 90 272 3093 5 (Hb; alk. paper) © 2007 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa JB[v.20020404] Prn:22/02/2007; 15:39 F: SLCS83CO.tex / p.1 (47-107) Table of contents Introduction 1 I. Corpus-based studies No doubt and related expressions: A functional account 9 Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen On certainly and zeker 35 Pieter Byloo, Richard Kastein and Jan Nuyts Prenominal possessives in English: Function and use 59 Evelien Keizer Ditransitive clauses in English with special reference to Lancashire dialect 83 Anna Siewierska and Willem Hollmann ‘It was you that told me that, wasn’t it?’ It-clefts revisited in discourse 103 María de los Ángeles Gómez-González Another take on the notion Subject 141 Dik Bakker and Anna Siewierska The modal auxiliaries of English, π-operators in Functional Grammar and “grounding” 159 Louis Goossens The king is on huntunge: On the relation between progressive and absentive in Old and Early Modern English 175 Casper de Groot II. The architecture of functional models Mental context and the expression of terms within the English clause: An approach based on Functional Discourse Grammar 193 John H. Connolly Adverbial conjunctions in Functional Discourse Grammar 209 Kees Hengeveld and Gerry Wanders JB[v.20020404] Prn:22/02/2007; 15:39 F: SLCS83CO.tex / p.2 (107-127) Table of contents Tree tigers and tree elephants: A constructional account of English nominal compounds 227 Matthew Anstey English constructions from a Dutch perspective: Where are the differences? 257 Arie Verhagen Notes towards an incremental implementation of the Role and Reference Grammar semantics-to-syntax linking algorithm for English 275 Christopher S. Butler Grammar, flow and procedural knowledge: Structure and function at the interface between grammar and discourse 309 Peter Harder The non-linearity of speech production 337 Michael Fortescue A speaker/hearer-based grammar: The case of possessives and compounds 353 Theo A. J. M. Janssen Index 389 JB[v.20020404] Prn:6/12/2006; 14:29 F: SLCS83IN.tex / p.1 (47-121) Introduction This collection of studies is presented in honour of J. Lachlan Mackenzie, who in 2004 left the Chair of Modern English Language at the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam to start a new professional life. During a period of over twenty-five years working in English language and linguistics in the Netherlands, Lachlan made a significant contri- bution to the development of Simon Dik’s Functional Grammar and to functionalist linguistics in general. In addition to his theoretical work, Lachlan applied functional linguistic insights to the teaching of writing, and in recent years has played an increas- ingly prominent role in furthering the study of English in Europe as a whole with his work for the European Society for the Study of English (ESSE). Lachlan contin- ues to work in Functional Grammar and is currently cooperating with Kees Hengeveld (Hengeveld & Mackenzie forthc.) on the architectural details of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), which has grown out of Functional Grammar (see Mackenzie & Gómez-González 2004). FDG takes units of discourse as the basic unit of analysis and aims to account more adequately than its predecessor for the form of linguistic expressions in terms of their use in actual communication. Although he does not shy away from detailed study of other languages, Lachlan’s work has been predominantly related to English, and his publications have come to be characterized by two strong features. In the first place he has insisted on fine-grained functional linguistic analysis, and in recent publications has made more and more use of authentic naturally occurring data for such purposes (e.g. Mackenzie 2003, 2005). Secondly, he has always sought to propose formal accounts which are true to the prin- ciples of the chosen theoretical framework, and which reinforce that framework. In this respect, his recent work in FDG has made proposals for a grammatical apparatus some elements of which operate in real time as part of a language production model, thus enhancing psychological adequacy (e.g. Mackenzie 2000, 2004). In keeping with these interests, this collection honours him with a number of studies in the lexico-grammar of English which focus on the one hand on close reading of language in context and on the other hand on current functional the- oretical concerns. The various contributions represent distinct functionalist models of language, including Functional Grammar and Functional Discourse Grammar, Systemic-Functional Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar, Cognitive Grammar and Construction Grammar. Taken together, however, they typify current work be- ing conducted from the grammatical perspective within what Butler has called the functionalist enterprise, the aim of which is JB[v.20020404] Prn:6/12/2006; 14:29 F: SLCS83IN.tex / p.2 (121-178) Introduction to understand how the forms of human linguistic communication are related to the functions they serve in the exchange of meanings under conditions defined by the social and cognitive contexts of use, and by the structure of the ongoing interaction itself. (Butler 2003, Vol. 2:477) The core of the functionalist enterprise is indeed the relation between structure and usage. Although usage-based approaches have been attacked, notably by Newmeyer (2003), as confusing the boundary between knowledge of language and use of lan- guage, it remains a fundamental part of the enterprise to identify linguistic structures which are constrained by specific features of use, or which actually encode specific features of use, as many of the contributions here show. Whatever particular theoretical model one embraces, the functionalist enterprise requires that that model should aspire in equal measure to descriptive adequacy and to various kinds of explanatory adequacy. In terms of descriptive adequacy this vol- ume follows the call from Butler (2003) to embrace the study of corpora by offering a set of studies which are based on authentic linguistic data produced in well-defined natural communicative settings. Such studies permit a fine-grained linguistic analysis which can lead to enhanced descriptions of usage. In particular, insight into the array of contextual factors that play a role in determining usage may provide a basis for a for- mal account which contributes to the discoursal adequacy of the relevant theoretical model. Part I accordingly offers a set of descriptively oriented, data-driven studies, start- ing off with Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen’s functional account of no doubt and related expressions on the basis of corpus studies of both synchronic and diachronic data. No doubt has developed as a result of grammaticalization as a discourse marker, and the analysis of the context of use provides further evidence for the need to study modal expressions in general as means for negotiating opinions. Pieter Byloo, Richard Kastein,andJan Nuyts look at a similar phenomenon, presenting a comparison of the use of certainly and Dutch zeker, on the basis of one of the Harry Potter books and its