A Think-Tank RIS of Developing Countries Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) is a New Delhi- based autonomous policy research institute that specialises in issues related to international economic development, trade, investment and technology. RIS is South-South Cooperation: envisioned as a forum for fostering effective policy dialogue and capacity-building South-South Cooperation: Role of Science Diplomacy among developing countries on global and regional economic issues. ROLE OF The focus of the work programme of RIS is to promote South-South Cooperation and collaborate with developing countries in multilateral negotiations SCIENCE DIPLOMACY in various forums. RIS is engaged across inter-governmental processes of several regional economic cooperation initiatives. Through its intensive network of think tanks, RIS seeks to strengthen policy coherence on international economic issues and the development partnership canvas. For more information about RIS and its work programme, please visit its website: www.ris.org.in Core IV-B, Fourth Floor, India Habitat Centre Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003 India., Ph. 91-11-24682177-80 Fax: 91-11-24682173-74, Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.ris.org.in Follow us on: @RIS_NewDelhi www.facebook.com/risindia www.youtube.com/RISNewDelhi South-South Cooperation: Role of Science Diplomacy © RIS, 2018 ISBN : 81-7122-138-6 Published in 2018 by: Core IV-B, Fourth Floor, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003, India Ph.: +91-11-24682177-80, Fax: +91-11-24682173-74 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ris.org.in The views expressed in the report are those of the authors. Usual disclaimers apply. CONTENTS 1. Science Diplomacy for Enhancing India-Afghanistan Co-operation in Higher Education 1 Abdulhakoor Salangi, Mohammad Sarwar Ahmadzai,Mir Zabiullah Mirzad,and Shajia 2. Science and Diplomacy: Case of the Algerian Space Programme 7 Bouzid Aouatef Hanane Faraoun and Yousfi Zergot Karima 3. Argentina-India Technical Cooperation: Agriculture and Science & Technology 11 Maria Florencia Collado 4. Role of Science Diplomacy: Case of the Republic of Armenia 15 Angelina Hovhannisyan 5. Suggestions on Enhancing Science and Technology Co-operation between India and Bangladesh 19 Syed Fariduddin Farhad and Md. Faizal Abedin Khan 6. Science Diplomacy in Action: Highlights of the Indo-Brazilian Agenda in S,T&I 21 Sec. Luis Fernando Corrêa da Silva Machado and Sec. Pedro Ivo Ferraz da Silva 7. EU Science Diplomacy as a Bridge between EU and Non- EU States: A Case study of Croatia – Serbia – Belarus 27 Ana Basic, Anastasiya Liashchenia, and Aleksandar Fistes 8. Global Health Diplomacy: Union Bridge Between Health Policy and International Relations in the Twenty First Century – Cuba as a Case Study 37 Danev Richardo Perez Valerino and Grelia Walkyria Lopez Alvarez 9. Science Diplomacy and Higher Education: Case Study of Prometeo Programme in Ecuador 47 Andrea Carolina Echeverria Enriquez and Lorena Elizabeth Diaz Flores 10. Promoting Cyber Security through the Effective Use of Science Diplomacy in Ghana 53 King David Cartey 11. Use of Science Diplomacy in Promoting Kenya-India Collaborative Research in Access to Benefit Sharing (ABS) Protocol 57 Cyrus Kamau Kihuha 12. Technical Assistance from International Partners in Improving Veterinary System of the Kyrgyz Republic 65 Cholpon Bekbolot Kyzy 13. Science Diplomacy for Kyrgyz–Indian Trade: Economic and Scientific- Technical Cooperation 71 Siuita Attokurova 14. India and Mongolia Bilateral Relations 79 Bat Amgalan Turbat 15. An Overview of the Inclusiveness of Science in Diplomacy within the Indian Ocean Economy 81 Daniëlla Labuschagne Smit 16. Role of Science Diplomacy: The Indo-Mauritian Collaboration 101 Balgobin Dayachand 17. Technology Commercialization Initiatives in the Advent of Science Diplomacy: Philippine Government Perspective 107 Jund Rian A Doringo 18. Impact of Science Diplomacy in Privatization of Energy Sector in South Africa 113 Siphesihle Intelectual Manqele 19. Science Diplomacy in Promoting Agricultural Research and Development in Tunisia 119 Sihem Soufi and Sawsen Ayadi 20. India-Uganda Collaborations on Fertilizer Use by Farmers of Uganda 123 Kasande Glorious Science Diplomacy for Enhancing India- Afghanistan Co-operation in Higher Education Introduction India and Afghanistan have a strong relationship based on historical and cultural links. The relationship is not limited to governments in New Delhi and Kabul; it has its foundation in the Abdulhakoor Salangi* historical contacts and exchanges among the people of both the countries. Indo-Afghan relations have been strengthened further by the Strategic Partnership Agreement signed between the two in 2011. Hence, it is no wonder that India has rendered support by making a long-term commitment to higher education and economic development of Afghanistan. India has also played an important role in Afghanistan higher education development since its independence; despite turbulent Mohammad Sarwar Ahmadzai** situation in Afghanistan, India has never stopped giving support and assistance in the field of higher education to Afghanistan. Since 2001, thousands of Afghan students have been coming to India for higher education. This has played a vital role in the development and reconstruction of Afghanistan. Many scholarships are being provided to Afghan students, and training modules are being implemented for professors from Afghanistan. Assistance is given to Afghanistan government of in the field of higher education. Mir Zabiullah Mirzad*** Higher Education in Afghanistan Although there has been much progress in this since 2001, the country still has a long way to go to reach to the levels prevalent in neighbouring countries. Low literacy rate, particularly, among women, lack of access in many areas for reasonably good education and quality of education are some of the maladies Shajia Taher Elham**** *Head of Uzbekistan Department, Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan, Afghanistan **Researcher and Director of Mahood Tarzai Think Tank, Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan, Afghanistan ***Political Officer, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Afghanistan *****Member, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Afghanistan 1 plaguing higher education sector. In fact, higher Afghan students to study in India. Some of the education is given importance by donors and scholarships for higher education in sciences are by agencies like World Bank. But support as follows. from them in addition to government efforts is not adequate while considering the need. ICCR Scholarships As the economic development is not possible The Scheme is sponsored by the Indian Council without human resource development, and for Cultural Relations (ICCR), an autonomous only adequate availability of human resource body under the administrative control of Ministry can facilitate reconstruction and transformation of External Affairs, New Delhi. The nodal agency of Afghanistan, there is thus the obvious need for administering the scheme in Afghanistan is the for higher education. The number of students Ministry of Higher Education. Under the scheme, enrolled for higher education are 300,000 every year a total of 1,000 scholarships are offered compared with 7,900 in 2001. The number of to Afghan nationals pursuing undergraduate, public and private universities have increased; postgraduate and Ph.D. courses in Indian and presently there are 36 public universities and universities. more than 100 private universities 1. However, the critical issue is that of quality of faculty in ITEC Fellowships higher education, as it has been observed that The Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation hardly 5 percent of the faculty have PhD degree, (ITEC) Training Programme is sponsored by and a very few public universities offer PhD the Technical Cooperation Division, Ministry of programmes. Even a random look at the data External Affairs, New Delhi, and is administered would indicate that these institutions are nowhere by the Independent Administrative Reforms & near the better institutions in the neighboring Civil Service Commission (IARCSC), Afghanistan. countries in terms of infrastructure, research and The objective of this scheme is to train middle- publications, diversity in programmes and quality level public officials of the Afghan Government of education offered to students. Ministries/Department/Semi-Government But the situation is not so hopeless to be organizations. A limited number of seats are improved. Given the surge in rate of literacy and open to private/business organizations. During increase in enrollment in primary, secondary Indian Prime Minister’s visit to Afghanistan and higher secondary education, the demand in August 2005, the number of fellowships for enrolment in higher education would go increased from 200 to 500. Over 200 training up. So we need a virtuous cycle on higher courses are offered in different fields of Business education. Although there are many agencies Management, Journalism, IT, Legislative training, and countries involved in supporting growth power distribution, English speaking and of higher education in Afghanistan, India is writing skills and business communication; playing a unique role, as has been explained in Tools Design; Bio medical/ optical/ ophthalmic the subsequent paragraphs. This role has to be equipment, Audit (PSE/Disinvestment/IT/ expanded and diversified. Environment/Energy), Flow measurement and control techniques, Urban planning and management, Mass Communication,