Notes 1 Introduction 1. ‘Growth’, ‘transitional’, and ‘converting’ markets have become alternative terms to denominate the concept. What characterizes all these economies is that they have fallen back at some point in history relative to those countries we now call developed. Historically, the term was coined by A. van Agtmael during his term at the International Finance Corporation, the financial arm of the IMF (International Monetary Fund) during the early 1980s. See: A. van Agtmael (2007), The Emerging Markets Century: How a Breed of World- Class Companies Is Overtaken the World, Free City Press, London. 2. With most of them in the 16– 40 age group. 3. Foreign- owned firms behave differently than domestic firms, as they are prone to different dynamics; see for example: J. Merikyll and T. Ro˝o˝m (2014), Are Foreign- Owned Firms Different? Comparison of Employment Volatility and Elasticity of Labor Demand, ECB Working Paper Series, Nr. 1704. So it has also become clear that the structure of the domestic banking system matters for the effective- ness of macro- prudential policies (MPPs). More specifically, it has been observed that a high share of non- resident bank loans in an MPP- implementing country reduces the domestic effectiveness of most MPPs; see J. Beirne and C. Friedrich (2014), Capital Flows and Macro- Prudential Policies – A multilateral Assessment of Effectiveness and Externalities, ECB Working Paper Series, Nr. 1721. 4. Despite the evidence, what government spending can do to regain competitive- ness and restore external imbalances is described in D. Clancy, P. Jacquinot and M. Lozej (2014), The Effects of Government Spending in a Small Open Economy within a Monetary Union, ECB Working Paper Series, Nr. 1727. 5. B. R. Scott (2007), The Political Economy of Capitalism, Harvard Business School Working Paper, Nr. 07- 037, p. 2. 6. A. Korinek and J. Kreamer (2013), The Redistributive Effects of Financial Deregulation: Wall Street Versus Main Street, IMF Working Paper, WP/13/247. Updated version September 2014 as BIS Working Paper Nr. 468. 7. See J. Meek (2014), Private Island: Why Britain Now Belongs to Someone Else, Verso, London. 8. The FI (Financial Institutions) sector has on a number of occasions been severely impacted by bad governance, to the extent that the need was developed to improve bank governance (see BIS (2014), Corporate Governance Principles for Banks – Consultative Document). 9. See M. J. Sandel (2012), What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of the Market, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York, in particular pp. 91– 128. 10. J. Vogl (2014), The Spectre of Capital, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto CA. 11. Whereby the government insures the repayment to deposit holders of deposits at the bank when impacted by investment decision made by the bank, as the deposits are an integrated part of their funding base. 12. Even for those who were once hardline free market advocates: see P. de Grauwe (2014), De limieten van de markt: de slinger tussen overhead en kapitalisme, Lannoo, 347 348 Notes Tielt versus P. de Grauwe (1986), De zichtbare hand, Het conflict tussen economie en politiek, Lannoo, Tielt. 13. The relationship can be seen as a ‘condition- process’ whereby globality is a condi- tion for the process to emerge and unfold (globalization). 14. The term was coined by Daniel Yergin in a 1988 (May 18) Newsweek article ‘The Age of Globality’ as well as his co- authored book: D. Yergin & J. Stanislaw (1998), The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, Free Press, New York, although its semantic origins go back as far as 1942, as described in: William Safire (2004), No Uncertain Terms: More Writing from the Popular ‘On Language’ Column in The New York Times Magazine, Simon and Schuster, New York, pp. 23– 43. 15. Discussions on this matter are often based on the strengths represented by oppos- ing political parties and are often very primitive content- wise. 16. See W. Streeck (2013), Politics in the Age of Austerity, Polity, New York, in particu- lar Chapter 2: ‘Public Finance and the Decline of State Capacity in Democratic Capitalism’, pp. 26– 58. 17. T. Piketty has drawn quite some attention in recent times (Chapter 4), but also many others have been instrumental in modeling the rising inequality in Western nations; see for example: G. Zucman (2014), Taxing across Borders. Tracking Personal Wealth and Corporate Profits, London School of Economics Working Paper, August. 18. Where that capital would be withdrawn from the public market or only re- injected as debt and not as risk capital, that would facilitate growth and ulti- mately prosperity. Debt financing also has that potential, but it is very limited (also limited in time) as the actual operational and financial risks are with the borrower (asset owner). 19. My shallow assessment is that it by and large will. See conclusions, endnote 67 of chapter 7. 20. See in extenso: C. Peters (2014), On the Legitimacy of International Tax Law, IBFD Doctoral Series Nr. 31, IBFD, Amsterdam. 21. D. Akyel (2014), Ökonomisierung und moralischer Wandel: Die Ausweitung von Marktbeziehungen als Prozess der moralischen Bewertung von Gütern. MPIfG Discussion Paper 14/13; R. Mayntz (2014), Mayntz, Markt oder Staat? Kooperationsprobleme in der Europäischen Union, Leviathan Vol. 42, Issue 2, pp. 292– 304. 22. See T. Paster (2014), Why Did Austrian Business Oppose Welfare Cuts? How the Organization of Interests Shapes Business Attitudes Toward Social Partnership, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 47, Nr. 7, pp. 966– 992. 23. For detailed coverage see the DHL connectivity study (2012) at www.dhl.com. 24. Nine of the first ten countries on the index are European. The 2014 KOF globali- zation index produced annually by the Swiss Federal Technical Institute EPFZ ranks 18 of the first 20 on the list as being European countries. 25. See L. Nijs (2011), Shaping Tomorrow’s Marketplace: Investment Strategies for Emerging Markets and a Semi- Globalized World, Euromoney Books, London, as well as P. Ghemawat (2007), Redefining Global Strategy. Crossing Borders in a World Where Differences Still Matter, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge MA. 26. T. Jenkins (2011), Prosperity without Growth. Economics for a Finite Planet, Routledge, London, pp. 25– 56, passim. 27. The other trend is the impact of mass- media which will be considered out of scope for this study. See extensively W. Schinkel (2012), De nieuwe democratie. Naar andere vormen van politiek, De Bezige Bij, Amsterdam. Notes 349 2 Liberalism versus Neo- Neoliberalism 1. F. Fukuyama, (1992), The End of History and the Last Man, Free Press, New York. 2. S. Young, (2002), Beyond Rawls: An Analysis of the Concept of Political Liberalism, University Press of America, Lanham, p. 24. 3. Ibid., p. 25. 4. Marcus Aurelius was fostering ‘the idea of a polity administered with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech, and the idea of a kingly govern- ment which respects most of all the freedom of the governed’. See further: M. A. Antoninus, (2008), The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 3. 5. E. Bramsted and K. Melhuish (eds), (1978), Western Liberalism: A History in Documents from Locke to Groce, Longman, London. 6. A. Gould, (1999), Origins of Liberal Dominance, University of Michigan Press, Michigan, p. 3. 7. J. Schell, (2004), The Unconquerable World: Power, Nonviolence, and the Will of the People, Macmillan, Basingstoke, p. 266. 8. P. Manent, (1995), An Intellectual History of Liberalism, Princeton University Press, Princeton, p. xv as well as M. Freeden, (1996), Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 137– 140. 9. A. Moravcsik, (2010), Liberal Theories of World Politics, A Primer, Princeton University Working Paper, pp. 5– 9. 10. J. Gray, (1995), Liberalism, University of Minnesota Press, 2nd Ed., Minneapolis, pp. xi– xiii. See also in detail: J. Gray, (2002), Two Faces of Liberalism, The New Press [2000], New York; J. Gray, (2013), Liberalisms: Essays in Political Philosophy, Routledge [1989], London and J. Gray, (2014), Post-Neoliberalism, Studies in Political Thought, Routledge, London. 11. D. Manning, (1976), Liberalism, J. M. Dent & Sons, London, pp. 57– 80. 12. Ibid., endnote 7 as well as J. Powell, (2000), The Triumph of Liberty, Free Press, New York, pp. 45– 89, passim. 13. F. Hayek, (1993), The Constitution of Liberty, Routledge [1960], London, pp. 11– 21; J. Mill, (1989), On Liberty and Other Writings, Stefan Collini (ed.), Cambridge University Press [1859], Cambridge, p. 13; A. Kinneging, (1988), Liberalisme: Een speurtocht naar de grondslagen, Prof. Mr. B. M. Teldersstichting, Den Haag, pp. 8– 16. 14. J. Gray, (2000), Two Faces of Liberalism, Polity Press, Cambridge, pp. 1– 33; D. Rasmussen and D. Den Uyl, (1998), Liberalism Defended. The Challenge of Post- Modernity, The Shaftesbury Papers Nr. 9, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham & Northampton, p. 6. 15. See in detail: C. Wolfe, (2009), Natural Law Liberalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 34– 65, passim. 16. L. Strauss, (1968), ‘Natural Law’ in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, MacMillan, Basingstoke, p. 48. 17. See in detail, T. Hobbes, (2013), Leviathan, Renaissance Books [1651], Ontario, passim. 18. A. Lisska, (1998), Aquinas’s Theory of Natural Law: An Analytic Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Chapter 9. 19. See particularly his J. Locke, ‘Two Treatises on Government’, (2013), CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, [1689], pp. 14– 23, 56– 89, passim. 20. P. Jones, (1994), Rights, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, p. 73. 21. E. van de Haar, (2011), Bemind maar onbekend. De politieke filosofie van het liberalisme, Aspekt, Soesterberg, p. 24. 350 Notes 22. R. Dahrendorf, (1987), Fragmente eines neues Liberalismus, Deutsche Verlags- Anstalt, Stuttgart, pp. 45– 87, passim. 23. J. Hampton, (1997), Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies, Westview Press, Boulder, p. xiii. 24.