SUBHASIS SAHOO Assistant Professor Department of Sociology University of Delhi New Delhi 110 021, India e-mail: [email protected] BINAY KUMAR PATTNAIK Professor of Sociology Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016, India e-mail: [email protected] Understanding People’s Science Movement in India: From the Vantage of Social Movement Perspective It hardly needs emphasis that People’s Science Movements (PSMs) in India have been very unique and such movements are not witnessed yet elsewhere although science popularization / science com- munication movements were witnessed in USA, Europe and Australia. As a study of unique social phenomenon catching up our academic fascination, the paper fi rst tried to characterize the phenom- enon of PSM; second, tried to locate such a phenomenon in its socio-historical contexts. Lastly, the phenomenon is empirically studied through the analysis of fi ve extensive case studies of various types of People’s Science Movement Organizations (PSMOs) from the view point of social movement per- spective, i. e. Resource mobilization theory. Keywords: People’s science movements, Resource mobilizations, Civil society, Intellectual resources, Financial resources, Organizational resources, External Linkages, Ideology. Introduction Sociologically speaking the movement is a collective eff ort in a particular direction to bring change of desired type. Hence, a movement is what moves people toward their de- sired goals. PSM is people moving to achieve their objectives through science (Varma, 2001: 4796–4802). PSM seeks to bring social changes with the help of science. All People’s science movements are some kind of social movements. A social movement is one form of collec- tive behaviour in which large number of people are organized to support or bring about or resist change. Thus social movement can be seen as a collective mobilization, seeking change of structure, either through institutional or non-institutional means. The culmination of such movements is often the results of the rise and growth of interest groups, pressure groups, and infl uencing bodies, opportunity structures etc. PSMs are a little studied phenomenon in India although these have been in existence for several decades now. But these are seen as wider currents of a social movements. Rooted in social reformists’ thinking of the 1950s, PSMs attempt to popularize non-mystical, scientifi c thinking, especially among India’s common masses. Many PSMs have evolved into signifi - SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2012. Volume 3. No. 4 9 cant centers of activism. There is variety in the shades of PSMs. These shades can be combined under three trends: (1) humanitarian — a matter of personal conscience, without any social ra- tionalization; (2) nationalist — an urge to contribute to the development of the national person- ality, coupled with realization which requires development of the economic conditions and the creativity of the broad masses of the people with whom, science and technology (S&T) must link directly; and (3) radical — an urge to contribute to the liberation of masses from social op- pression as well as exploitation and through this to the release of a creative mass energy, a task mobilization which needs intellectual input and a scientization of mass culture. A mixture of these three trends generates a variety of people’s science initiatives: (a) Frontier challenges: going to the people and enquiring what their material needs are, and applying scientifi c and technological knowledge to meet them at costs within the means of a greater number of people; (b) Knowledge transfer: mass education in S&T; (c) Stimulating mass creativity: working together with the masses to devise ‘appropriate technology’, in the process stimulating technological creativity of the masses; (d) Technology as a tool in political struggle: devising technology to serve as a tool in the political struggle of the exploited masses against their exploiters, more ‘self-reliant’ technology from the point of view of the poor, through which they may have greater control over the production of process; (e) Conscientization: seeking to raise the capacity of the poor to analyze their environment scientifi cally and bringing to them scientifi c knowledge of wider reality to help them take appropriate courses of action for social change in their favour (Rahman, 1970). The fi rst three varieties are consistent with the fi rst two trends, i. e. humanitarian and nationalist. The third of these may not be inconsistent with the radical trend and may be seen to overlap with the fourth. The fourth and fi fth are explicitly radical. However, the ‘conscientization’ in improperly motivated hands can be reactionary or reformist aimed at preserving or marginally improving, the societal status quo. PSMs have been widespread in India at the regional and national level since 1960s. They make an important group among Indian science movements. Indian science movements denote to all the science movements (e. g. anti science movement etc) which have emerged in response to modern S&T. However, it can be seen that the idea of PSM is evolved his- torically under the initiative of certain voluntary science groups. Many of these groups have multi pronged activities in areas including education, development, environment, health, science popularization, appropriate technology etc. The present study uses the term PSM in this strict sense. PSM’s critical role has been felt/recognized through the symbolic value of science. By accepting the symbolic value of science as its major political value, PSM demands for the dissemination of the scientifi c temper among the masses as a pre-condition for social trans- formation. On the other hand, these also demand for the use of scientifi c information and procedures in the method of decision-making and implementation of decision by the ruling elite. They even objectively probe the social and political dimensions of scientifi c temper that scientists provide when they underplay the hazards of nuclear technology or the use of DDT. Therefore, whether it is in the area of science education, spreading reasons and scientifi c tem- per in society, or the critical role of science in the developmental process for creating an equal and socially just society, the changed nature of relationship of science and society can no lon- ger be ignored. Studying PSMs would examine these issues with visions and perspectives. 10 СОЦИОЛОГИЯ НАУКИ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ. 2012. Том 3. № 4 Locating the PSM in a Socio-historical Context Among various people’s movements, PSM is a growing and unique movement in India. It is unique to India since it is diffi cult to fi nd a similar movement in other parts of the world. Parayil (1992) calls the PSM as a ‘unique social movement’. He fi nds that it is probably the only citizen’s movement of its kind, and perhaps in the whole World. PSMs have been initi- ated in specifi c contexts, by middle class intelligentsia. Guha (1988) notes: “For PSMs, science has been distorted by the capitalist imperialist system and the task is to free it from these chains of domination and allow it to realize its true potential. In this sense, the PSMs are attempting to bring to fruition the ideals of the French Revolution — democracy, equality, and fraternity — that were taken out but never fully realized by the classical socialist tradition. PSMs believe that modern science and industrialization are not antithetical to each other’s vision– rather, once freed from the imperatives of capitalism and militarism; science can be a major instrument in the creation of a just, egalitarian and economically prosperous society”. For PSM organizations, the human society is divided into two broad sections such as majority (have-nots) which is being continuously impoverished or facing the threat of being impoverished and a minority (haves) which is continuously getting enriched at the expense of the majority. S&T have been and still are a powerful weapon in the hands of this minority in their exploitation of the majority as well as the plunder of natural resources. And PSMs are partisans towards the majority whenever their genuine interests clash with the interests of the dominant minority. Matthew Zachariah (1989), one of the protagonists of PSM, stresses that, economi- cally poor and politically powerless people constitute the vast majority in most of the na- tions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Although the governments of these nations are or appear to be committed to development, their policies and actions to promote development mainly by stimulating growth in certain sectors of the economy do not necessarily improve the living standards of most poor people and indeed, create large groups of victims of de- velopment. The attempts of various Western governments, institutional agencies, national governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to promote development in Asia, Africa, and Latin America during post-World War II and their acknowledged failure to do so in large measure have resulted in vigorous criticisms of their motives, approaches and actions taken. The most persistent and valid criticisms of the attempt by most Western as well as na- tional governments to promote development is that it ignores, except in rhetorical state- ments, the genuine aspirations of poor and powerless people. Three other major criticisms too follow. The national and international elites use the state to put in place where policies promote their own class