An Exploration of National Policies and Effective Practices for Electronic and Mobile Learning for Nursing and Midwifery Education Patricia A. Abbott, Kathleen Omollo, Sue Anne Bell, Gurpreet K. Rana, Nancy Hammond, Massy Mutumba, Yun Jiang, and Rama Mwenesi University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan. USA This work was funded by the World Health Organization; N020433-00 University of Michigan On Campus Research Contract (PI: Abbott, P). 2015-2016. 2016 January 10 Page 1 of 87 To Cite This Work: Abbott, PA; Omollo, K., Bell, S., Rana, G., Hammond, N., Mutumba, M., Jiang, Y., & Mwenesi, R. (2016). An Exploration of National Policies and Effective Practices for Electronic and Mobile Learning for Nursing and Midwifery Education. WHO Commissioned Peer-Reviewed Monograph #N020433- 00. January, 2016. Page 2 of 87 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. 5 CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................................................................. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 9 1. INTRODUCTION, AIMS AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 11 1.1 ABOUT THIS REPORT .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 AIMS AND SCOPE .................................................................................................................................. 11 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT .................................................................................................................... 12 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 ELEARNING SECTOR ............................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 ELEARNING WITHIN NURSING AND MIDWIFERY .......................................................................................... 14 3. RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................................................................... 16 4. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FACTORS ............................................................................................ 18 4.1 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................... 18 4.2 LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................... 19 4.2.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 19 4.2.2 Findings ...................................................................................................................................... 21 4.2.3 Limitations of Review ................................................................................................................. 22 4.2.4 Policy Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 22 4.3 STRATEGY AND INVESTMENT ................................................................................................................... 24 4.3.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 24 4.3.2 Findings ...................................................................................................................................... 25 4.3.3 Limitations of Review ................................................................................................................. 26 4.3.4 Policy Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 27 4.4 LEGISLATION, POLICY, AND COMPLIANCE .................................................................................................. 29 4.4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 29 4.4.2 Findings ...................................................................................................................................... 31 4.4.3 Limitations of Review ................................................................................................................. 32 4.4.4 Policy Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 33 4.5 WORKFORCE ........................................................................................................................................ 35 4.5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 35 4.5.2 Findings ...................................................................................................................................... 36 4.5.3 Limitations of Review ................................................................................................................. 37 4.5.4 Policy Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 37 4.6 STANDARDS AND INTEROPERABILITY ......................................................................................................... 39 Page 3 of 87 4.6.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 39 4.6.2 Findings ...................................................................................................................................... 42 4.6.3 Limitations of Review ................................................................................................................. 43 4.6.4 Policy Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 43 4.7 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................. 45 4.7.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 45 4.7.2 Findings ...................................................................................................................................... 47 4.7.3 Limitations of Review ................................................................................................................. 48 4.7.4 Policy Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 48 4.8 SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................. 50 4.8.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 50 4.8.2 Findings ...................................................................................................................................... 51 4.8.3 Limitations of Review ................................................................................................................. 52 4.8.4 Policy Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 52 5. CONSOLIDATED POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................. 53 Leadership and Governance ............................................................................................................... 53 Strategy and Investment .................................................................................................................... 53 Legislation, Policy, and Compliance .................................................................................................... 54 Workforce ........................................................................................................................................... 55 Standards and Interoperability ........................................................................................................... 55 Infrastructure ...................................................................................................................................... 57 Services and Applications ................................................................................................................... 57 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................... 59 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX 1: WHO REGIONS