The Seven Years’ War History of Warfare Editors Kelly DeVries Loyola University Maryland John France University of Wales, Swansea Michael S. Neiberg United States Army War College, Pennsylvania Frederick Schneid High Point University, North Carolina VOLUME 80 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hw The Seven Years’ War Global Views Edited by Mark H. Danley Patrick J. Speelman LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: Battles of the British Army, No. IV: Plassey: The Nawab’s artillery on its movable platform. Richard Caton Woodville, Jr. Illustrated London News, vol. 103, no. 2840, Sept. 23, 1893, 384–85. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Seven Years’ War : global views / edited by Mark H. Danley, Patrick J. Speelman. p. cm. -- (History of warfare ; v. 80) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-23408-6 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-23644-8 (e-book : alk. paper) 1. Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763. I. Danley, Mark H. II. Speelman, Patrick J. DD411.S48 2013 940.2’534--dc23 2012035191 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1385-7827 ISBN 978-90-04-23408-6 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-23644-8 (e-book) Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. 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CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................ix List of Contributors .............................................................................................. xvii Introduction: The ‛Problem’ of the Seven Years’ War .................................xxiii Mark H. Danley 1. Frederick the Great and the First ‘World’ War...........................................1 Jürgen Luh 2. “To Encourage the Others”: The Philosophes and the War .................. 23 Armstrong Starkey 3. Understanding Native American Alliances ............................................. 47 Matthew C. Ward 4. The War in the Carnatic ................................................................................ 73 G.J. Bryant 5. Religious War or Imperial War? Views of the Seven Years' War from Germany and Rome ...........................................................................107 Johannes Burkhardt 6. Sweden and the Pomeranian War ............................................................135 Gunnar Åselius 7. The Ottoman Absence from the Battlefields of the Seven Years’ War........................................................................................................165 Virginia H. Aksan 8. Pride, Prejudice and Prestige: French Officers in North America during the Seven Years' War ......................................................................191 Julia Osman 9. Battre l'estrade: Military Reconnaissance in the German Theatre of War ..............................................................................................................213 Ewa Anklam 10. “Féroces et barbares?” Cossacks, Kalmyks and Russian Irregular Warfare during the Seven Years’ War .....................................243 Marian Füssel vi contents 11. The Seven Years’ War in West Africa: The End of Company Rule and the Emergence of the Habitants .............................................263 James F. Searing 12. The War in the West Indies ........................................................................293 Richard Harding 13. The Anglo-Cherokee War, 1759–1761 ...................................................325 John Oliphant 14. The British Political Press and Military Thought during the Seven Years’ War ....................................................................................359 Mark H. Danley 15. The War in Bengal ........................................................................................399 G.J. Bryant 16. Strategic Illusions and the Iberian War of 1762 ..................................429 Patrick J. Speelman 17. The British Expedition to Manila .............................................................461 Nicholas Tracy 18. The End of the Seven Years’ War in Germany .......................................487 Matt Schumann Conclusion: Father of the Modern Age ...........................................................519 Patrick J. Speelman Selected Bibliography ..........................................................................................537 Index .........................................................................................................................549 LIST OF FIGURES 4. G.J. Bryant 1. India and Ceylon, circa 1756 ..................................................................105 2. Central Carnatic .........................................................................................106 6. Gunnar Åselius 1. The Pomeranian Theater 1757–1762 ..................................................164 10. Marian Füssel 1. Der Russischen Cosacken und Calmücken Muthwill und Tyranney in dem Preuss ..................................................................262 11. James F. Searing 1. Map by John Lindsay, showing deployment of British vessels during bombardment of Gorée. ...............................................289 2. Signare of Saint Louis, 1780s. .................................................................290 3. View of Saint Louis, 1780s, showing fort and African town. ...............................................................................................291 13. John Oliphant 1. The Cherokee Country.............................................................................357 15. G.J. Bryant 1. Bengal, Bihar and the Ganges Valley ....................................................428 16. Patrick J. Speelman 1. The Portuguese Campaign of 1762 ......................................................460 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book would not have come to fruition without a great many people and institutions who deserve considerable gratitude. First and foremost, I must thank my co-editor Dr. Patrick Speelman. His example of scholarly rigor and erudition has always inspired me, since our first collaboration as doctoral students over a decade ago. The initial conception of this book was his and any effort I might have contributed to its success would not have been possible without his example and encouragement. He has always been the best of colleagues and truest of friends. I must also offer a hearty thanks to each one of our contributors, many of whom exercised patience of frankly legendary proportions as this book’s journey to com- pletion took an increasingly complex path of twists and turns. The schol- ars I have come to know, and the new friends I have made while trying to make my own small contribution towards a more global understanding of eighteenth-century warfare have been among the most impressive histori- ans I have encountered. Of course I must recognize the tenacity, patience, wisdom, historical knowledge, and editorial expertise of our editor at Brill Academic Publishers, Dr. Julian Deahl. He is a credit to the military history field and scholarly publishing in general. I also sincerely thank everyone else at Brill who helped with this publication, including Marcella Mulder and Hylke Faber. The staff of the National Archives of the UK, the British Library, and the staffs of the libraries and archives of the University of Hull and the University of Nottingham were very gracious and offered expert professional help when I visited their institutions to conduct the research for my chapter on the British press during the war. Several institutions contributed direct material support to my work on this book. During 2006–2007 I was fortunate to receive from University of Memphis a Faculty Research Grant in support of this project, both for the research and writing of my own chapter and in support of my co-editorial work for the entire volume. Anna Rudman Santos, J.D. did excellent work as a part-time research assistant during 2006–2007, helping me with bib- liographical work in preparation for the research for my own chapter, as well as with administrative support in the early stages of recruiting con- tributors and dealing with editorial issues. Additional support