WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch Democratisation, mass media and the anti-corruption drive in Africa: the case of Nigeria, 1999-2015 Babasola, O. This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © Mr Oluwasina Babasola, 2017. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: ((http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] DEMOCRATISATION, MASS MEDIA AND THE ANTI-CORRUPTION DRIVE IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA, 1999-2015 OLUWASINA ABIDEMI BABASOLA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OCTOBER 2017 Oluwasina Abidemi Babasola, University of Westminster (2017) 1 | P a g e DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to Almighty God for seeing me through the course and to pioneer Chairman of ICPC, Justice Mustapha Akanbi for his zeal for a corruption free Nigeria. Oluwasina Abidemi Babasola, University of Westminster (2017) 2 | P a g e DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP I, Oluwasina Abidemi Babasola, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where material has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated and acknowledged. Oluwasina Abidemi Babasola, University of Westminster (2017) 3 | P a g e ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To think and successfully complete a dissertation of this nature, it is essential to have the willing cooperation of many people. My gratitude goes first to the Almighty God that makes life and living possible. Second, I am grateful for the patience and support provided by the members of my supervisory team, Dr. Winston Mano and Prof Jean Seaton, particularly Dr. Winston Mano, my Director of Studies. I acknowledge, with deep appreciation, the academic guidance given by the supervisory team most especially, Dr. Anthony McNicholas. I also thank Dr. Tabir Sabry for his feedback. This dissertation was researched, written and rewritten in Nigeria and the United Kingdom. Therefore, I owe profound thanks to those who supported me financially in the course of this work, notably the Governor, State of Osun, Nigeria, Mr. Rauf Aregbesola, Engr. Seyi Makinde, Alhaji Azeez Ashiru Adelani. Also, I wish to register my sincere thanks to my mentors and friends in Nigeria and America who kept me going, with their words of encouragement and moral support, especially when everything appeared dark -Prof. Wale Adebanwi, Prof. Ebenezer Obadare, Prof. Adigun Agbaje, Dr. Bunmi Ajibade, Justice Emmanuel Ayoola, Dr. Laninhun, Dr. Omololu Olunloyo, Prof. Femi Soyinka, Dr. Segun Olatunji, Dr. David Enweremadu, Comrade Biyi Odunlade and Senator Femi Lanlehin. I am equally grateful for the considerable assistance offered by top officials and colleagues at the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) -Barrister Abdullahi Bako, Dr. Elvis Oglafa, Dr. Musa Usman Abubakar, Akeem Lawal, Akeem Folahanmi, Engr. Rafiu Adeniyi, Adebayo Obaniyi, Kayode Kupolati, Kabiru Elelu, Adenike Lawal (Mrs), Hassan Salihu, Jimoh Oladapo, Anike Adeshina (Mrs), Simeon Ogungbade, Mary Atabo, Tope Sokan, Murna Barnabas Atiyaye, Ruth Awodi, Solomon Kogi and others too numerous to mention here. Worthy of mentioning are the staff of the libraries of University of Newcastle and Northumbria University, it was there where I carried most of my research and writing while in Newcastle. Many of the critical stakeholders in the Anti-Corruption Campaigns that I interviewed were very generous with their time. I am grateful to everyone that I interviewed, whether formally or informally, and those I interacted with while on fieldwork. Special thanks are due to Alhaji Yusuff Ali, Ayo Adesanmi Dr. Lekan Akinola, Maryam Mohammed, Dele Oguntayo, Taye Fagbemi, Ibrahim Sanni, Festus Ojudun, Lt. Col Kingsley Adimoha (rtd.) and family, Mr. Abubakar Idris, Mike Peters, Pastor Segun Jolayemi, Dr. Jeremiah Ekele and Pastor Femi Folorunsho, for their assistance during my fieldwork. I recollect with great respect Professor Jonathan Rutherford, formerly of the Middlesex University, North London, who helped in the course of preparing and submitting a PhD proposal to different Universities in the UK. His positive and sound academic guidance when he supervised my second Master’s Degree at the Middlesex University helped tremendously in this course of this work. Indeed, Ropo Babasola, Tunji Aderibigbe, Gani Awosoji, and Garfa Omisore, all in the UK participated in this project by providing all sorts of assistance that were most needed. Oluwasina Abidemi Babasola, University of Westminster (2017) 4 | P a g e My late parents were there every inch of the way before death took them away, so were my siblings. In all the challenges that I faced in the last six years, no one, apart from God deserve greater gratitude than my best friend and wife, Bukola. Together with our children, Opeyemi and Rhoda, they bore the challenges of my long and regular absence from home; she held forth graciously. Bukola deserves special tribute, were it not for her constant support, prayers and criticism, this dissertation would never have been taken to its conclusion. For all the weaknesses of this dissertation, however, I accept all responsibilities. Oluwasina Abidemi Babasola, University of Westminster (2017) 5 | P a g e MAP OF NIGERIA Source. Adapted from Ngex.com Oluwasina Abidemi Babasola, University of Westminster (2017) 6 | P a g e GLOSSARY FOI Freedom of Information (Act) FRCN Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria MRA Media rights Agenda NBC Nigeria Broadcasting Commission NGE Nigerian Guild of Editors NPC Nigerian Press Council NPO Nigerian Press Organisation NUJ Nigerian Union of Journalists NTA Nigerian Television Authority ICPC Independence Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission EFCC Economic and Financial Crime Commission CCB Code of Conduct Bureau HDI Human Development Index TI Transparency International GCB Global Corruption Barometer NDHS Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey NPC National Population Commission HDI Human Development Index NPAN Newspapers Proprietors Association of Nigeria FM Frequency Modulation DTH Direct-to-Home DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite NGOs Non-Government Organisations CBOs Community Based Organisations BPP Bureau of Public Procurement TUGAR Technical Unit on Governance and Anti-Corruption Reforms PCC Public Complaints Commission Oluwasina Abidemi Babasola, University of Westminster (2017) 7 | P a g e NEITI Nigerian Extractive Industry Transparency Initiatives UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa AUCPC African Union Combating and Preventing of Corruption UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Oluwasina Abidemi Babasola, University of Westminster (2017) 8 | P a g e Table of Contents DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ 2 DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ....................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 3 MAP OF NIGERIA ........................................................................................................................ 6 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 14 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.0 Background to the study ............................................................................................. 14 1.1 Brief history of Nigeria ............................................................................................... 19 1.2 Historical development of the media industry in Nigeria........................................... 23 1.3 Objectives of the Study............................................................................................... 29 1.4 Research questions ..................................................................................................... 29 1.5 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................... 30 1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 31 1.7 Scope of the Study ...................................................................................................... 32 1.8 An Overview of the Chapters ..................................................................................... 33 1.9 Conceptual Clarification/Definition of Terms ............................................................ 34 1.10 Summary ....................................................................................................................