Institutional Issues and Perspectives in the Management of Fisheries and Coastal Resources in Southeast Asia Edited by Magnus Torell Albert M Salamanca 2001 Institutional Issues and Perspectives in the Management of Fisheries and Coastal Resources in Southeast Asia Edited by Magnus Torell Albert M Salamanca 2002 Published by ICLARM – The World Fish Center, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), S-105 25 (Office: Sveavagen 20, Stockholm), Stockholm, Sweden. Torell, M. and A.M. Salamanca, Editors. 1997. Institutional Issues and Perspectives in the Management of Fisheries and Coastal Resources in Southeast Asia. ICLARM Technical Report 60, 212p. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. Cataloguing in Publication Data Institutional issues and perspectives in the management of fisheries and coastal resources in Southeast Asia/ editors Magnus Torell, Albert M. Salamanca. ISBN 983-2346-07-X 1. Fisheries—management – Asia Southeastern. 2. Marine resources—Asia, Southeastern. I. Torell, Magnus. II. Salamanca, Albert M. 639.20959 Managing editors: Sandra Child, Peter R Gardiner and Janet-Maychin Copyeditors: Terrence Clayton and Albert M Salamanca Indexer: Barry Howarth Layout and design: Catherine Tan Lee Mei Cover concept: Albert M Salamanca Cover design: Sam Studio Graphics and Catherine Tan Lee Mei Cover: Diverse uses of the coastal zone. ISBN 983-2346-07-X ICLARM –The World Fish Center Contribution No. 1654 Printed by Sun Printers Sdn Bhd, Malaysia ICLARM-The World Fish Center is one of the 16 international research centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) that has initiated the public awareness campaign, Future Harvest. Contents Foreword . xii Preface and Acknowledgement . xiii Abbreviations . xiv List of Figures . xvi List of Tables . xvii Navigating the Institutional Landscape: Introduction and Overview . 1 by Magnus Torell and Albert M Salamanca INTRODUCTION . 1 THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF INSTITUTIONS . 2 THE CASE STUDIES . 2 COMMON TRENDS AND THEMES . 3 Design Problems . 3 Enforcement . 7 Financial and Human Resources . 7 Conflict . 8 Colonial Influence . 11 Role of Donors . 12 Role of Civil Society . 12 CONCLUDING REMARKS . 13 REFERENCES . 14 Institutional and Policy Issues in the Management of Fisheries and Coastal Resources in Cambodia . 16 by Pum Vicheth, Toby Carson, Ngoun Narin, Sin Chhay, Srun Lim Song, Chan Dara, Ouk Siphan, Vann Monyneath, Mao Kosal, Bernard O’Callaghan, and Magnus Torell ABSTRACT . 16 BACKGROUND . 16 Geographical Characteristics . 16 Economic Patterns . 17 Cambodia’s Service Sector . 18 Employment . 18 Population . 18 RESOURCE STATUS, BENEFITS AND THREATS . 19 Fishery Resources . 19 Aquaculture . 20 Mangrove Forests . 22 Coral Reefs . 22 DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL AND OPTIONS . 22 iii LOCAL USE AND MANAGEMENT . 23 Access to Coastal Resources . 23 Forms of Local Use . 24 Mangrove Charcoal Kiln . 24 Fishing . 24 Fish Processing . 25 Medicinal Plants . 25 Aquaculture . 25 Coastal Tourism . 25 Value of Marine and Coastal Resources . 25 Local Management Experiences . 26 Initiative on Coastal Resources Management . 26 Current Mangrove Management . 26 Impact of Current Fishing Practices . 26 Development of Saltpans . 26 Religion and Traditional Belief . 26 Ethnicity and Religion . 26 Traditional Belief . 27 Local Initiatives to Combat the Degradation of Mangroves and Other Coastal Resources . 27 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS . 28 Line Ministries . 29 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries . 29 Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy . 29 Ministry of Tourism . 30 Ministry of Public Works and Transport . 30 Ministry of Rural Development . 30 Ministry of Environment . 30 Provincial Authorities . 31 Committees . 33 National Committee for Land Management, Urbanization and Construction . 33 National Coastal Steering Committee . 33 Coastal Coordinating Unit . 36 Other Committees and NGOs . 36 National Policy . 36 Fisheries Policy . 37 Industrial Sector Policy . 37 Tourism Policy . 37 Policy of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport . 37 Environmental Policy . 38 NATIONAL PLANNING . 38 Fisheries Plan . 38 Industrial Strategy and Planning . 38 Tourism Zoning Strategy . 39 National Environmental Action Plan . 39 National Wetland Action Plan . 39 Conservation Plan . 39 iv LEGAL FRAMEWORK . 39 Legislative Hierarchy . 39 The Constitution . 39 Law (Chbab) . 40 Kram . 40 Royal Decree (Reach Kret) . 40 Decree (Kret). 40 Sub-Decree (Anu-Kret). 40 Declaration (Ministerial Prakas) . 40 Decision (Sechkdei Samrech) . 40 Circular (Sarachor) . 40 Arete (Provincial Deka) . 40 Customary Law . 40 Treaties and Conventions . 40 National Legal Framework . 41 Historical Profile of the Cambodian Legal and Institutional System . 41 Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia . 41 Land Law . 41 Law on Land Management, Urbanization and Construction . 41 Law on Investment . 41 Labor Law . 42 Fisheries Law . 42 Forestry Law . 43 Industrial Laws . 43 Law on Mineral Exploitation and Mining . 43 Sub-Decree on Industrial and Handicraft Management and Monitoring . 43 Draft Industrial Zone Act . 43 Transport Laws . 43 Sub-Decree on Private Transport Services . 43 Declaration on the Management of Vehicles and Inland Waterways Transport . 43 Common Circular on Overloaded Trucks, Especially Logging Trucks . 44 Declaration on Ship Construction . 44 Declaration on Issuing Business Licenses for Tourist Boats . 44 Sub-Decree on River Navigation . 44 Draft Declaration with Respect to the Act of Registration of Merchant Ships . 44 Declaration No. 018 on Overloaded Ferries, Riverboats and Sea-going Vessels . 45 Tourism Laws . 45 Royal Decree on the Establishment of the Ministry of Tourism . 45 Sub-Decree on the Organization and Functioning of the Ministry of Tourism . 45 Environmental Laws . 46 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management . 46 Sub-Decree on the Organization and Functioning of the Ministry of Environment ...46 Royal Decree on the Creation and Designation of Protected Areas . 46 Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control . 46 Sub-Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment . 46 v International and Regional Arrangements . 47 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . 47 UNEP-Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia . 48 Association of Southeast Asian Nations . 49 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) . 49 MARPOL Conventions . 49 Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) . 50 Convention on Biological Diversity . 50 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change . 50 POLICY, LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONSTRAINSTS . 51 Policy Constraints . 51 Legal Constraints . 51 Organizational Constraints . 52 Human Resources Constraints . 52 Law Enforcement Constraints . 52 Management System Constraints . 52 Financial Constraints . 53 RECOMMENDATIONS . 53 Strategy 1: Promote economic growth in the coastal zone . 54 Strategy 2: Enhance administrative infrastructure and develop human resources . 54 Strategy 3: Develop laws on coastal zone management . 54 Strategy 4: Strengthen law enforcement . 54 Strategy 5: Protect coastal resources . 55 Strategy 6: Empower local communities to manage coastal resources . 55 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . 56 REFERENCES . 56 APPENDIX . 57 Coastal Resources Management in Indonesia: Legal and Institutional Aspects . 60 by Tommy H Purwaka and Sunoto ABSTRACT . 60 INTRODUCTION . 61 Critical Issues . 61 Scope and Area of Study. 63 METHODOLOGY . 63 CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE RESOURCES . 64 Mangroves. 64 Coral Reefs . 64 Seaweeds and Seagrasses . 64 Fisheries . 64 Marine Transportation . ..