Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Abbreviated Key Title: Saudi J Humanities Soc Sci ISSN 2415-6256 (Print) | ISSN 2415-6248 (Online) Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Journal homepage: http://scholarsmepub.com/sjhss/ Original Research Article Local Markets and Cultural Changes in Tanzania- Case of Moshi District, 1890s – 1950s Editha Rambau* Mwenge Catholic University, Moshi, Tanzania DOI:10.36348/SJHSS.2019.v04i09.001 | Received: 07.08.2019 | Accepted: 22.08.2019 | Published: 20.09.2019 *Corresponding author: Editha Rambau Abstract This study examined the extent to which the presence of local markets in Moshi District Council, especially in Kibosho area, influenced the cultural change of the Chagga from the 1890s to 1950s. Specifically the study analyzed the presence of local markets as a complex sector of commercial activity among the Chagga. Local markets played an important role in social, economic, political and cultural change of African communities; which expressed the conceptual association of learning new practices outside the sphere of their families. Data for this study were collected through archival sources, oral interviews and secondary sources. It has drawn on Evolutionary Diffusion Theory to make sense of the extent at which the process of cultural diffusion was responsible for cultural change in Moshi Rural District as the Chagga came into contact with other cultures. The major finding of this study is that local markets had significant meaning in the history of the Chagga because they acted as a centre for cultural transformation through diffusion or adaptation. Keyword: Local Markets, Cultural Change, Chagga, Transformation. Copyright @ 2019: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the original author and source are credited. INTRODUCTION exchange of goods for money. These markets served the Background to the Study broader purpose of trade and acted as centres for In order to study markets one needs to dissemination of information and social activities like examine not only the economic aspect of people in a offering sacrifices and settling of disputes especially particular area but also their culture. Harris P. and those which occurred at the market places. Historians Morgan define culture as an important aspect of life like Steven Fiereman and Isaria Kimambo have which gives people a sense of unity, also it shows how provided an important piece of information which people behave and what they should be doing at a shows the development of trade and markets during the th particular period. Culture provides a learned, shared and 19 C in the Northern part of Tanganyika and how it interrelated set of symbols, codes and values that direct had profound effects on the environment and people. and justify human behavior [1]. They consider the development of caravan routes with the emergence of market centres in which the items There are many studies carried out about such as food staff, ivory and later slaves were taken to regional and local markets in Africa. Some of these the coastal areas in exchange for cloths, beads and guns. studies, for example, The Study of Traditional Markets Such processes, contributed to the changes of the and its Organizations in West Africa by Holdder and culture of the people who lived in the highlands of Ukwi indicates that traditional markets among the Tanganyika [6]. These historians also noted that Yoruba and Ibo people of West Africa existed as early conflicts and chaos among the societies in the Northern as the long distance trade. These markets were mostly part of Tanganyika were due to the contact of Chagga carried out by women at a specific day and served the with other societies like the Maasai, the Pare and the whole community around the market places [2]. Swahili traders. This is to say, some Chiefs were aspired to move to the lowlands to form armed bands Helge Kjekshus [3], Isaria N. Kimambo [4] and for raiding ivory and slaves as the main items of trade. Sally Moore [5] noted that traditional markets existed in Such situations transformed some of the social roles of different parts of pre-colonial Tanganyika. At the the Chiefs especially from guarding their people to raid beginning these markets and other forms of transaction their own people who could become slaves [7].This ranged from barter trade, but later on they based on the situation changed the livelihood of the Chagga and © 2019 |Published by Scholars Middle East Publisher, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 573 Editha Rambau; Saudi J. Humanities Soc Sci, Sep 2019; 4(9): 573-581 created conflicts with traders of the Coastal areas as only for exchange of goods and services but also for well as the Chiefs who were the main organizers of that social and cultural interaction where people met and trade. shared information and practices that developed their culture. Market, according to Richard Bagozz [10] and The most important changes in the life of the Sheldby Hunt [11], can be defined as an organisation of Chagga occurred during the Germans rule. The exchange relationship of not only goods but also Germans introduced new systems of life to the Chagga services, ideas, knowledge and practices of the society. which included western education, Christian religion They also noted that the exchange of goods was not the and new political system. During the German rule, only activity that was practiced in the markets but also markets as an economic and cultural institution they exchanged their ideas, values, customs and continued to operate but under new principles and principles of their community [12]. In most cases the regulations. For instance, the Germans introduced study about Local market have based on economic money economy that replaced barter system which had aspects; the issue of cultural aspects to some extent a significant impact to the local markets. Likewise, the have been treated differently. But, we can study the Germans introduced coffee production to the Chagga culture of a particular group as a way of understanding which acted as a common economic institution for the supply and consumer behaviour in a certain place. unifying the Chagga as a single ethnic group which they This is because culture involves all aspects of people‟s formerly lacked. On one hand, the colonial production lives and the existence of local markets is the segment system did not only change the culture of the Chagga of economic-cultural aspect. It is important to note that but also provided a political unity that was achieved the presence of local markets in a certain area is through economic institutions. On the other hand, the expressed not only the economic history of a given Germans constructed infrastructures which simplified society but also cultural aspects of that society. the process of interaction of the Chagga and the neighbouring societies. They also introduced new This study considered the presence of local religion, that is Christianity, as well as western markets in Moshi Rural District as a place for learning education which changed social-cultural practices of the some of the cultural practices, customs and norms of Chagga [8]. their society as a result of internal integration or From the 1920s some of the important changes external adaptation. Markets are meeting points where in Northeastern Tanganyika were brought up by the people could get information from one person to British government who took over from the Germans‟ another. Gossiping in market places was also rule. The British administrators like the Germans, considered as a way of conveying information as well introduced cash economy, formal education as well as as learning of cultural behaviour from elders and new cultural systems to the Chagga people. As noted by traders. Culture, as one among the social and economic oral informants, the British built the first Parish in aspect of people, developed as a result of the presence Kibosho and Kibosho Seminary in 1920s which became of local markets. the major Christian seminary in the northern part of In real sense, culture goes through the process of Tanganyika. This factor made most of the Chagga changing, adaptation and diffusion as a result of contact youth to be converted to Christianity. with another culture. As noted by Burama Sagnia, culture can also be seen as a dynamic mechanism that Some scholars have noted that the 1920s must be adjusted and adopted to external and internal marked the beginning of social, economic and political conditions of existence [13]. In relation to economic changes of the Chagga people. Isaria N. Kimambo, for perspective, culture can be viewed as the sum total of instance, explained how the local people rejected some shared values and practices that serve to direct of the changes imposed by the British role in their consumer and supplier behaviour in a particular market political, economic and social aspects. He provided an place. This study covers the whole period of the example of the Mbiru protest among the Pare as a sign colonial rule in Kilimanjaro where the system of of critiquing and refusing the British rule in markets and culture was also integrated into the Kilimanjaro [9]. Therefore, in line with this argument, European economy by the colonialists. Such situation this study also investigated the changes brought by the led to the transformation of not only the economy of the colonialists such as new religion, education systems as Chagga - but also the social, political as well as their well as the production of cash crops and how these cultural aspects through cultural diffusion. This is to changes contributed to the changes of the Chagga say, the spread of European ideas, technologies, politics culture.