Security, Con ict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World Britain, France, West Germany and the People’s Republic of China, 1969-1982 MARTIN ALBERS Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World Series Editors Effie G.H. Pedaliu LSE Ideas London, United Kingdom John W. Young University of Nottingham Nottingham, United Kingdom The Palgrave Macmillan series, Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World aims to make a significant contribution to academic and policy debates on cooperation, conflict and security since 1900. It evolved from the series Global Conflict and Security edited by Professor Saki Ruth Dockrill. The current series welcomes proposals that offer inno- vative historical perspectives, based on archival evidence and promoting an empirical understanding of economic and political cooperation, conflict and security, peace-making, diplomacy, humanitarian intervention, nation-­ building, intelligence, terrorism, the influence of ideology and religion on international relations, as well as the work of international organisations and non-governmental organisations. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14489 Martin Albers Britain, France, West Germany and the People’s Republic of China, 1969–1982 The European Dimension of China’s Great Transition Martin Albers Administration of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World ISBN 978-1-137-56566-2 ISBN 978-1-137-56567-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56567-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959496 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration line: © Shotshop GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo, Everett Collection Historical / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Macmillan Publisher Ltd. The registered company address is The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom To my family NOTE On SPELLInG AnD TRAnsLATIOns For Chinese words I have generally used Hanyu Pinyin romanisation as the system most widely in use and officially employed by the People’s Republic of China. The only exceptions are names that are very familiar in English in a different spelling, in particular the name of Chiang Kai-shek. I have translated all quotations originally in languages other than English in order to facilitate reading. vii ACKnOWLEDGEMEnTs I would not have been able to write this book without very generous help and support from many people and institutions, only some of whom I can thank here. As this book is based on a doctoral dissertation, I am first and foremost indebted to my thesis supervisor David Reynolds, on whose advice and near inexhaustible knowledge I could always rely. I simply could not imag- ine a better supervisor. Without the very generous financial support from numerous sides I could not have undertaken this project and I am therefore indebted to the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, the DAAD, the Sara Norton Fund, the Members’ History Fund Cambridge, the German Historical Institute in Paris, the Levy Plumb Fund, the Prince Consort and Thirwall Fund, the Ellen MacArthur Fund, the Sir John Plumb Charitable Trust, and the German Historical Society. I also greatly benefited from being a student of Christ’s College, which provides an excellent and very stimulating envi- ronment for studying and living. For their support and expertise I would also like to thank the archivists at the Bundesarchiv, Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung, Archiv Helmut Schmidt, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv, Hamburger Staatsarchiv, DIN Archiv, UK National Archives, Churchill College Archival Centre, University Library Cambridge, Archives natio- nales (France), Archives de Paris, Centre des archives économiques et financières, Archives diplomatiques, Archives nationales du monde du tra- vail, Foreign Ministry Archives of China, Shanghai Municipal Archives, US National Archives, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Gerald R. Ford ix x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Presidential Library, Richard Nixon Presidential Library, and Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. In particular, I would like to thank Monsieur Grégoire Eldin at the Archives diplomatiques and Ms Lemke at the Archiv Helmut Schmidt in Hamburg. I am also grateful to my interview partners in Britain and Germany. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, Baroness Shirley Williams, Lord David Owen, Sir Christopher Hum, Hugh Davies, the late Helmut Schmidt, the late Henning Voscherau, Dr Hans-Christian Ueberschaer and Kurt Leonberger granted me their time, patience and interest to bring history alive, and provided me with insights that could not be found in the archives. Among the particular pleasures of working on this project was to meet many great scholars of whom I can only mention a few. Arne Westad, Kristina Spohr and Jon Connolly read earlier versions of the text, pro- vided me with crucial feedback, and helped me to correct numerous errors. For their comments, support and time I also have to thank Eric Bussière, Chen Jian, Enrico Fardella, Barbara Koenczoel, Chi-kwan Mark, Bernd Schaefer, Maurice Vaisse, Hans van de Ven, Christian Ostermann and Christian Wenkel. Similarly, I am very grateful to fellow students and friends, including Zhong Zhong Chen, Martin Deuerlein, Almuth Ebke, Steven Eichenberger, Mathias Haeussler, Charles Kraus, Evelin Harten, Delia Leitner, Mark Miller, Nina Schwarz, Richard Siegert and Marcel Will. Jessica Gienow-Hecht gave me the opportunity to teach a class on Sino-German relations at Cologne University, which allowed me to test some of my ideas in front of a very well-informed and critical public. Professor Gienow-Hecht also gave me crucial comments on my work and has supported me very kindly and helpfully. Professor Niu Jun in Beijing helped me to come a bit closer to understanding contemporary Chinese history, and his references gave me access to the Waijiaobu archives for which I am very grateful. Similarly, I am grateful to the staff at Palgrave for their very efficient and constructive support as well as to three anonymous reviewers who provided many valuable comments and suggestions. Apart from the finan- cial support mentioned above, my research trips were made possible by the hospitality of family and friends in many places. I would therefore like to thank Jana Woltermann, Lumilla Rougeot and Selma Boulaouad in Paris, Ann and David Mackie in Haywards Heath/London, Wolfgang Mille, Markus Doering, and especially the Krüger Family in Berlin, the Dolderer Family in Kempten/Munich, Lena Biehl in Cologne, Chai Ming and her family in Beijing, Xi Xiaoche and Chen Jianhua in Shandong, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi and Sean Kennedy, Stefan Niemann, and Annika Granholm Törnquist and family in the USA. Above all I would like to thank my family in Hamburg, Heide, and Bad Gandersheim, and of course my wife Chen Mengyu, for all their love and support. It is to them that this book is dedicated. All remaining errors and shortcomings are exclusively my own responsibility. COnTEnTs 1 Introduction 1 2 Historical Background to Sino-European Rapprochement in the 1970s 13 3 Western Europe and Détente in East Asia, 1969–72 35 4 Promotion of European Exports to China and the Role of Economic Diplomacy, 1969–72 61 5 The Diplomacy of High-Level Visits During the Twilight of Maoism, 1973–77 87 6 Widening and Deepening the Relationship with China Before the Reforms, 1973–77 113 7 The ‘Alliance Era’ and Strategic Cooperation with China, 1978–82 143 8 Promoting Transnational Exchange with China in the Age of Reform, 1978–82 171 9 Conclusion 201 xiii xiv Contents Endnotes 219 Appendix 299 Bibliography 303 Index 327 ABBREVIATIOns AUMA Ausstellungs- und Messe-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft BCPIT British Council for the Promotion of International Trade BDI Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie BOT Board of Trade CAAC Civil Aviation Administration of China CBI Confederation of British Industries CCP Chinese Communist Party CCPIT China Council for the Promotion of International Trade CDS Chief of Defence Staff CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands CFCE Centre