3DUWQHUVKLSIRU$L57UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 1RLVHDQG(PLVVLRQV5HGXFWLRQ $Q)$$1$6$7UDQVSRUW&DQDGD VSRQVRUHG&HQWHURI([FHOOHQFH /LIH&\FOH*UHHQKRXVH *DV(PLVVLRQVIURP $OWHUQDWLYH-HW)XHOV 3$571(53URMHFWUHSRUW 9HUVLRQ2 SUHSDUHGE\ 5XVVHOO:6WUDWWRQ+VLQ0LQ:RQJ-DPHV,+LOHPDQ June 5(3257123$571(5&2( [Page Intentionally Left Blank] Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Alternative Jet Fuels Partnership for Air Transportation Noise and Emissions Reduction Project 28 !"##$%%&'(&)*+,**-./&0#1.&21.&'-.3&,.4&5,6$#&7(&01%$6,.& 2,##,89"#$**#&7.#*1*"*$&-:&;$89.-%-3</&=,6>+143$/&2,##,89"#$**#& PARTNER-COE-2010-001 June 2010 Version 1.2 This work is funded by the US Federal Aviation Administration Office of Environment and Energy and US Air Force Research Lab under FAA Award Number: 06-C-NE-MIT, Amendment Nos. 012 and 021. The project is managed by Warren Gillette of FAA, Tim Edwards, and Bill Harrison, both of AFRL. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the FAA, AFRL, NASA or Transport Canada. The Partnership for AiR Transportation Noise and Emissions Reduction — PARTNER — is a cooperative aviation research organization, and an FAA/NASA/Transport Canada-sponsored Center of Excellence. PARTNER fosters breakthrough technological, operational, policy, and workforce advances for the betterment of mobility, economy, national security, and the environment. The organization's operational headquarters is at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There may be periodic updat2es provided for this report. Please visit the PARTNER Project 28 website, http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/partner/projects/project28.html, to check for the latest version. The Partnership for AiR Transportation Noise and Emissions Reduction Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 33-115 Cambridge, MA 02139 USA http://www.partner.aero [email protected] [Page Intentionally Left Blank] Table of Contents Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................................i List of Figures...............................................................................................................................iv List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................vii Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................x Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................xiii Units, Notation, Abbreviations and Acronyms........................................................................xiv 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................1 2 Alternative Jet Fuel Pathways...............................................................................................3 3 Procedural Overview of Life Cycle Analysis of GHG Emissions .......................................5 3.1 Life cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions ..............................................................................5 3.2 Analysis Procedure............................................................................................................8 3.3 Goals and Practices ..........................................................................................................9 3.4 Evaluation of Variability ...................................................................................................10 3.5 Functional Unit: g CO2e/MJ and g CO2e/kg-km...............................................................10 4 Conventional Petroleum Pathways.....................................................................................11 4.1 Crude Oil Recovery and Transportation ..........................................................................11 4.2 Conventional Jet Fuel from Crude Oil .............................................................................13 4.2.1 Top-Down Approach (Baseline Case)......................................................................14 4.2.2 Bottom-up Approach (Low and High Emissions Cases) ..........................................14 4.2.3 Impact of Crude Oil Quality Compared to Processing Technique............................16 4.2.4 Conventional Jet Fuel Results .................................................................................17 4.3 Ultra-Low Sulfur Jet Fuel from Conventional Crude........................................................17 4.3.1 Top-Down Approach (Baseline case) ......................................................................18 4.3.2 Bottom-up approach (low and high emissions cases)..............................................18 4.3.3 ULS Jet Fuel Results ...............................................................................................19 5 Unconventional Petroleum Pathways.................................................................................21 5.1 Conventional Jet Fuel from Oil Sands .............................................................................21 5.1.1 Bitumen Production through Surface Mining............................................................21 5.1.2 Bitumen Production through In Situ Recovery .........................................................22 5.1.3 Bitumen Upgrading to Syncrude ..............................................................................22 5.1.4 Oil Sands to Jet Fuel Results...................................................................................23 5.2 Conventional Jet Fuel from Oil Shale ..............................................................................25 5.2.1 Analysis Methodology ..............................................................................................26 5.2.2 Oil Shale to Jet Fuel Results....................................................................................27 6 Fischer-Tropsch Jet Fuel.....................................................................................................29 6.1 Carbon Capture and Sequestration with Fischer-Tropsch Facilities ...............................29 6.2 Fischer-Tropsch Fuel from Natural Gas ..........................................................................30 6.2.1 Case Study: Impact of Carbon Capture on GHG Emissions from GTL Facilities ....31 6.3 Fischer-Tropsch Fuel from Coal ......................................................................................32 6.3.1 CTL without Carbon Capture ...................................................................................32 6.3.2 CTL with Carbon Capture ........................................................................................34 6.4 Fischer-Tropsch Fuel from Biomass................................................................................34 6.4.1 Switchgrass..............................................................................................................35 6.4.2 Corn Stover and Forest Residue..............................................................................39 6.4.3 Analysis of Biomass Feedstocks..............................................................................41 6.5 Fischer-Tropsch Fuel from Coal and Biomass ................................................................43 6.5.1 Allocation Methodology ............................................................................................44 i 6.5.2 Results: F-T Jet Fuel from Coal and Biomass .........................................................45 6.5.3 Case Study: Impact of Carbon Capture on GHG Emissions from CBTL Facilities ..48 7 Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet Fuel from Renewable Oils ............................................50 7.1 Energy Requirements for HRJ from Renewable Oils ......................................................53 7.2 HRJ from Soybean Oil.....................................................................................................56 7.2.1 Cultivation of Soybeans ...........................................................................................57 7.2.2 Extraction of Oil from Soybeans...............................................................................59 7.2.3 Co-Product Usage and Allocation Methodology ......................................................59 7.2.4 Transportation of Soy Oil to HRJ Production Facilities ............................................62 7.2.5 Land Use Change Emissions from Soy Oil Production............................................62 7.2.6 Results .....................................................................................................................63 7.3 HRJ from Palm Oil...........................................................................................................64 7.3.1 Cultivation of Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB)........................................................65 7.3.2 Extraction of Oil from Palm FFB...............................................................................66 7.3.3 Co-Product Usage and Allocation Methodology ......................................................66 7.3.4 Transportation of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil to HRJ Production Facilities .........67 7.3.5 Land Use Change Emissions from Palm Oil Production..........................................68 7.3.6 Results .....................................................................................................................69