Immunology and Immunotherapy 101 for the Non-Immunologist Howard L. Kaufman, MD Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ Disclosures I have the following relationships with industry: Amgen Scientific Advisory Board, Clinical trial funding BMS Clinical trial Funding Celldex Scientific Advisory Board EMD Serono Scientific Advisory Board , Clinical trial funding Merck Scientific Advisory Board, Speaker’s Bureau (funds to Rutgers) Prometheus Scientific Advisory Board, Clinical trial funding Sanofi Consulting services Turnstone BiologicsScientific Advisory Board Viralytics Clinical trial funding -I will NOT be discussing non-FDA treatments during my presentation. What is Immunology? • Study of body’s immunity (defense) against invaders – External (viruses, bacteria, etc.) – Internal (tumors, self) • Divided into two major functions – Afferent arm (“recognition”) – Efferent arm (“effector functions”) Thucydides, 460-395, B.C. • Historian • Philosopher • General • First to foster ‘cause and effect’ relationships and use evidence to document facts • First to notice that people exposed to plague were “protected” or “immune” Disease and the four humors 18th Century and Vaccination 19th Century and the microscope Cells Microbes Lymphoid Organs • Primary (central) – Sites of cell maturation – Thymus (T cells) – Bone marrow (B cells) • Secondary (peripheral) – Sites of cell interaction with antigen – Lymph nodes – Spleen – ALTs (MALT, GALT, CALT) • Lymphatic system – Site of fluid recycling – Method of immune cell transport Function of Myeloid Cells: Antigen-Presenting Cells Antigen processing and presentation Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) molecules Lymphocyte Clonal Selection Result of Antigen Recognition: Clonal Expansion Kinetics of the Immune Response Antibody Structure and Function Antibody classes and activity – IgG – IgM – IgA – IgD – IgE Three major T cell categories • Cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+) • Recognize and kill infected (virus, tumor) cells • Recognize antigen presented by MHC-I • Helper T cells (CD3+CD4+CD25-) • Help activate other cell types (B cells, cytotoxic T cells and macrophages) • Recognize antigen presented my MHC-II • Th1 helps cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated immunity) • Th2 helps B cells (humoral immunity) • Regulatory T cells (CD3+CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) • Regulate (suppress) the action of other cells Co-stimulation regulates T cell activation Alegre, Nature Rev, 2001 T cell life cycle Courtesy BMS PD-1:PD-L1 Interactions Courtesy BMS Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) Natural Killer (NK) Cells Innate Immunity • Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) • Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Attributes of cytokines • Pleiotropic • One cytokine has different actions on different target cells • Redundant • Two or more cytokines can mediate the same function Key Features of the Immune System • Discrimination: self vs. foreign • Specificity: single antigenic determinant (epitope) • Memory: primary and secondary response Functions of the Immune System Innate Immune Response Adaptive Immune Response • First line of defense • Second line of defense • Barriers (e.g. skin, GI tract) • Adapts to invader(s) • Responds within hours • Responds within days • Limited specificity • Highly diverse • Primary response only • Secondary response (memory) • Phagocytes, NK cells • T cells, B cells • Uses pathogen-associated • Uses antigen-specific antibodies molecular patterns (PAMPs) and T cell receptors The Cancer-Immunity Cycle Chen and Mellman Immunity 2013 Tumor Microenvironment Kerkar S P , Restifo N P Cancer Res 2012;72:3125-3130 Major Approaches to Cancer Immunotherapy Other Strategies Cytokines in Development ∙Oncolytic Viruses ∙ Interferon-α (Talimogene Interleukin-2 laherparepvec;T-VEC) Modified IL-2 Adoptive T cell therapy Vaccines T cell Checkpoint Inhibitors∙ ∙Ipilimumab (α-CTLA-4) ∙Pembrolizumab (α-PD1) Nivolumab (α-PD1) Atezolizumab (α-PD-L1) *FDA-approved Current approaches to cancer therapy Conclusions • The immune system protects the host against internal and external danger (e.g. pathogens, cancers) and has three major features – Discrimination – Specificity – Memory • The immune system utilizes a series of cells and molecular factors to communicate: – Recognition – Effector functions • There are two major types of immunity – Innate – Adaptive • The immune system has a system of check and balances – Activation – Suppression • The immune system can be used to treat cancer (“immunotherapy”).