Linguistic Features of Review Standard Mandarin: Articulatory Phonetics & IPA • Phonology: The sound structure of a language • Phonetics: CHIN 342/442 The physical properties of language sounds Autumn 2019 – acoustic phonetics – articulatory phonetics 1 2 Phonetics Phonetics • The phonetician’s pledge 2) • Two ways to think about sounds: 1) 3 4 Goals for This Topic The Vocal Tract • Most language • Learn basic articulatory phonetics sounds are made terminology for the description of by pushing air up consonant and vowel sounds from the lungs • Learn common International Phonetic • Past the vocal Alphabet symbols for those sounds cords • Reminder: We are talking about spoken • Through the oral language, not about written letters! and/or nasal cavities 5 6 p. 1 Consonants and Vowels Describing Consonants • What is the difference between a • We specify these four features to consonant sound and a vowel sound? characterize a consonant sound • Vowels are produced without constriction 1. Are the vocal cords vibrating? of the vocal tract; air flows freely 2. Is the sound followed by a puff of air? • Consonants are produced with 3. Where is the constriction produced? constriction of the vocal tract; airflow is 4. How is the constriction produced? = partially or completely blocked What kind of constriction? 7 8 Describing Consonants Voicing and Aspiration 1. Are the vocal cords vibrating? • Voicing: vibration of the vocal cords – “voiced” or “voiceless” during articulation 2. Is the sound followed by a puff of air? • fffffffff vs. vvvvvvv – “aspirated” or “unaspirated” • Aspiration: puff of air following 3. Where is the constriction produced? articulation – “place of articulation” • pie vs. spy, buy (the paper test) 4. How is the constriction produced? – “manner of articulation” 9 10 Places of Articulation (a_a) Manners of Articulation (a_a) • Bilabial boy • Stops: p t k b d g [airflow blocked] • Labiodental vat • Fricatives: s z f v sh, Mand. h [airflow • Interdental this highly constricted] • Dental/Alveolar dog • Affricates: ch, Mand. z c [full blockage • Retroflex (Mand.) zhī quickly followed by constricted airflow] • Palatal joy • Nasals: m n ng [airflow through nose] • Velar guess • (We’ll introduce others later as needed) • Glottal [ʔ] (‘uh-oh’) 11 12 p. 2 Putting it all together Vowels • Voicing / Aspiration / Place / Manner • What distinguishes vowels from • English s is a voiceless alveolar consonants? fricative; • Since there is no constriction, there is no • English b is a voiced bilabial stop; place of articulation or manner of articulation • English ng is a voiced velar nasal; • We need an entirely different language to • English ch is a voiceless aspirated describe vowel sounds - what makes palatal affricate; vowels different from each other? • Mandarin h is a voiceless velar fricative 13 14 Vowels • Tongue and lip • Videos of position tongue and lip • High (close) vs. movements low (open) • Ken Stevens’ • Front vs. back 1962 X-Ray • Unrounded vs. film showing vowels and rounded consonants (YouTube) 15 16 International Phonetic Putting it all together Alphabet (Consonants, p. 33) • High/Mid/Low Front/Central/Back CONSONANT SYMBOLS p ph b Unrounded/Rounded Vowel • voiceless sounds on the left in each cell • yī : high, front, unrounded vowel • voiced sounds on the right in each cell • yū : high, front, rounded vowel • aspirated sounds marked with raised h • wū : high, back, rounded vowel • On the following slides, containing • tā : low, back, unrounded vowel highlights from the consonant chart, voiceless sounds are blue, voiced sounds are red, and nasals are orange 17 18 p. 3 IPA: Aspiration and Voicing IPA: Aspiration and Voicing Practice Mandarin Voiceless Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiceless Voiced Unaspirated Aspirated (Unaspirated) Unaspirated Aspirated (Unaspirated) Bilabial Stops p ph b Bilabial Stops p 八 ph 怕 b Alveolar Stops t th d Alveolar Stops t 打 th 他 d Velar Stops k kh g Velar Stops k 狗 kh 口 g 19 20 IPA: Aspiration and Voicing IPA (Consonants p. 33) Mandarin vs. English • bilabials: p pʰ b m / labiodentals: f v Voiceless Voiceless Voiced • alveolars: t tʰ d n / ts tsʰ dz / s z Unaspirated Aspirated (Unaspirated) • palato-alveolars: tʃ tʃʰ dʒ / ʃ ʒ Bilabial Stops p 八 ph 怕 pill b bill Alveolar Stops t 打 th 他 till d dill • retroflexes: tʂ tʂʰ dʐ / ʂ ʐ Velar Stops k 狗 kh 口 kill g gill • (alveolo-)palatals: tɕ tɕʰ dʑ / ɕ ʑ • velars: k kʰ g ŋ / x ɣ • glottals: ʔ / h 21 22 IPA (Mandarin consonants) IPA (Selected Vowels) • bilabials: p pʰ b m / labiodentals: f v front central back • alveolars: t tʰ d n / ts tsʰ dz / s z high i y u • palato-alveolars: tʃ tʃʰ dʒ / ʃ ʒ mid-high e o • retroflexes: tʂ tʂʰ dʐ / ʂ ʐ mid ə • (alveolo-)palatals: tɕ tɕʰ dʑ / ɕ ʑ mid-low ɛ ɔ • velars: k kʰ g ŋ / x ɣ low æ a ɑ • glottals: ʔ / h 23 24 p. 4 IPA (All Vowels p. 34) IPA (Mandarin vowels) front central back front central back high i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u high i 衣 y雨 ɨ ʉ ɯ u五 mid-high e ø ɤ o mid-high e 給 ø ɤ哥 o都 mid ə mid ə 了 mid-low ɛ œ ɐ ʌ ɔ mid-low ɛ 也 œ ɐ ʌ ɔ多 low æ a ɑ ɒ low æ a ɑ 他 ɒ 25 26 How to Learn All This? End • Practice, practice, practice (and HW #4) • Your course packet has more detail and • Chinese 342/442 IPA practice page: more explanations. You should review – http://courses.washington.edu/chin342/ipa/ this material outside of class, and use the web resources. We will continue to practice in class as well. • Other web resources: • (The three following slides are practice – see the “Resources: Phonetics” page of the exercises for home.) course web site for additional resources and practice web sites 27 28 Practice: Consonants Practice: Consonants • Pronounce between two vowels: “a __ a” • Pronounce between two vowels: “a __ a” • a bilabial sound • a voiceless retroflex fricative • a fricative • a voiced alveolar stop • a velar sound • a voiceless aspirated retroflex affricate • a voiced fricative • an alveolar nasal • an aspirated alveolar stop • a voiceless velar fricative • a velar nasal • a voiceless unaspirated velar stop • write IPA symbols for all the above! 29 30 p. 5 Practice: Vowels • a high front unrounded vowel • a high front rounded vowel • a mid-high back unrounded vowel • a low front unrounded vowel • a mid-low back unrounded vowel • a mid-central unrounded vowel (schwa) • write IPA symbols for all the above! 31 p. 6.