Culture as a ”collective programming of the mind” defines and forms us as individuals, as well as members of society (or societies). Indeed, he or INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS she is not a self-contained entity as they need a creator, a person who acts, along with the fact that this occurs not in isolation, but in coopera- RELACJE MIĘDZYKULTUROWE tion with other existing persons. It is important to emphasise that culture is not a product of one person, place or time but that one may link with Journal of Cultural Studies confidence certain cultural objects and artefacts with certain figures (cre- Kulturoznawcze Czasopismo Naukowe ator, author/s), dates or geographical locations. Institute of Intercultural Studies Values comprise the motor of human activity, a substance blending the Jagiellonian University in Kraków will to cooperate with others. They constitute, at the same time, a cultural nucleus, stimulating the human mind, influencing the making of choices, Instytut Studiów Międzykulturowych decisions and actions. Homo faber is, by nature, inclined towards creation Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie while owing both his individual and communal being to the community. We are therefore social, collective entities, the vast majority of whom are unable to function in isolation from other people. Group belonging N (initially related to family, subsequently to peers, neighbours, society, nation or civilization), causes a common sharing of values, the (co-) forming of the identities of a certain individual – identities, one may add, remain- ing in the process of continual development. INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS RELACJE MIĘDZYKULTUROWE / MIĘDZYKULTUROWE RELACJE INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS ISSN 2544-2139 INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS RELACJE MIĘDZYKULTUROWE Scientific Board: Prof. Vladimír Biloveský, Matej Bel University, Slovakia Prof. Irena Bukowska-Floreńska, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland Prof. Enzo Colombo, State University of Milan, Italy Prof. Genovaitė Kačiuškienė, Language and Culture Institute „Lingua Lituanica”, Lithuania Prof. Ryszard Kantor, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland Prof. Joanna Kurczewska, Polish Academy of Sciences Prof. Lidia Liburska, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland Prof. Olga Niesterczuk, Moscow State University, Russia Prof. Tadeusz Paleczny, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland Dr. Fabrice Thuriot, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France Prof. Daniel von Wachter, International Academy of Philosophy in the Principality of Liechtenstein Rada Naukowa: Prof. Vladimír Biloveský, Uniwersytet Mateja Bela, Słowacja Prof. Irena Bukowska-Floreńska, Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach, Polska Prof. Enzo Colombo, Uniwersytet Państwowy w Mediolanie, Włochy Prof. Genovaitė Kačiuškienė, Instytut Języka i Kultury „Lingua Lituanica”, Litwa Prof. Ryszard Kantor, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie, Polska Prof. Joanna Kurczewska, Polska Akademia Nauk Prof. Lidia Liburska, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie, Polska Prof. Olga Niesterczuk, Moskiewski Uniwersytet Państwowy, Rosja Prof. Tadeusz Paleczny, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie, Polska Dr Fabrice Thuriot, Uniwersytet w Reims, Francja Prof. Daniel von Wachter, Międzynarodowa Akademia Filozofii w Księstwie Lichtenstein INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS RELACJE MIĘDZYKULTUROWE Number 2 (2) / 2017 CULTURES, VALUES, IDENTITIES edited by Monika Banaś co-edited by Małgorzata Abassy Kraków 2017 Editor-in-chief: Redaktor naczelny: dr hab. Monika Banaś dr hab. Monika Banaś [email protected] [email protected] Address: Adres redakcji: Institute of Intercultural Studies Instytut Studiów Międzykulturowych Gronostajowa 3 Gronostajowa 3 30-386 Kraków, Poland 30-386 Kraków, Polska www.ism.uj.edu.pl www.ism.uj.edu.pl ISSN 2544-2139 The original (reference) version of the journal is the electronic version. Wersją pierwotną (referencyjną) czasopisma jest wersja elektroniczna. © Copyright by Institute of Intercultural Studies – Faculty of International and Political Studies, Jagiellonian University in Kraków and individual authors Publisher: Institute of Intercultural Studies Faculty of International and Political Studies Jagiellonian University in Kraków INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS ◦ RELACJE MIĘDZYKULTUROWE ◦ 2017 ◦ 2 (2) CONTENTS Cultures, Values, Identities – Introduction [Monika Banaś] . 7 Dariusz Juruś Virtue and Care in Modern Ethics. 11 Jana Pecnikova Cultural Slavery or Freedom? Values at a Crossroads in the 21st Century . 25 Jakub Bugajski Is Every Single Human Being a Person? A Dispute between Robert Spaemann and Peter Singer. 37 Anna Slatinská The Irish Language – A Unique Part of Irish Life and Cultural Revitalisation and Protection. 53 Milena Gammaitoni A Case Study: Rome’s Orchestra di Piazza Vittorio and the Social Function of Music . 71 Barbora Vinczeová “Me” in Other Realms: Reinterpretations of Identity in Fantasy Fiction . 87 Andrzej Sarnacki, S.J. The Decay of American Culture? Pitirim Sorokin’s View on the Relevance of the Sex Revolution. 105 6 CONTENTS Ruslan Saduov Axiological Vectors in the American and Russian Presidential Discourse: the State of the Union Address and the Address to the Russian Federal Assembly Compared . 121 Małgorzata Abassy The Conception of Culture, Values and Identity of Iran in Shaykh Fazlallah Nuri’s Writings . 151 Elżbieta Wiącek Poland’s Refugee Policy and Polish Society between Values of Survival and Self-expression . 165 Dagmara Majerová Career Choices of PhD Graduates in the Social Sciences and Humanities. 189 INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS ◦ RELACJE MIĘDZYKULTUROWE ◦ 2017 ◦ 2 (2) CULTURES, VALUES, IDENTITIES – INTRODUCTION The second electronic edition of the journal International Relations, in ac- cordance with accepted rules, is entirely devoted to the particular triad outlined in the terms culture, value, identity. Taking into account the vari- ety of forms in which these three phenomena appear, the title of this pub- lication is written in the plural form. Looking from the perspective of the first decades of the 21st century, however, it is impossible to ignore or avoid the crucial fact of the cultural and axiological variety of the contemporary world, along with that concerning identity. This is a world comprised in turn of other smaller worlds, similar and joined to each other to a greater or lesser degree, or often also completely different and poles apart. These worlds, or to put it another way “spheres of culture and civilization”, re- main with each other in ambiguous relations, mutually influential and with differing degrees of communication, some cases of which are intense, oth- ers measured or sporadic, and yet others which are fragmentary or ab- sent. What is the reason for this? Which factors, elements, subjects and conditions decide the character, quality and dynamics of such relations? Although the questions concerning intercultural relations may be mul- tiplied, in this issue we would like to focus attention on three main areas around which one may seek answers to the issues outlined above, namely: the uniqueness of a certain culture (exactly what makes a given culture dif- ferent from another), the group of values which dominates a given culture/ cultures, as well as the identities resulting from the practicing or applica- tion of values. Why these values in particular? This is due to the fact that each of them remains in a direct relationship with each other and under the influence of a person, both in their individual life, as well as their col- lective existence. It is through this that such a relationship is, for obvious reasons, a reflexive relationship, one in which a person as the acting party 8 CULTURES, VALUES, IDENTITIES – INTRODUCTION co-forms both the culture which contains values, and co-shapes their own individual and communal identity. Culture as a “collective programming of the mind” defines and forms us as individuals, as well as members of society (or societies).1 Indeed, he or she is not a self-contained entity as they need a creator, a person who acts, along with the fact that this occurs not in isolation but in cooperation with other existing persons. It is important to emphasise that culture is not a product of one person, place or time but that one may link with confi- dence certain cultural objects and artefacts with certain figures (creator, author/s), dates or geographical locations. Values comprise the motor of human activity, a substance blend- ing the will to cooperate with others. They constitute, at the same time, a cultural nucleus, stimulating the human mind, influencing the making of choices, decisions and actions. Homo faber is, by nature, inclined towards creation while owing both his individual and communal being to the com- munity. We are therefore social, collective entities, the vast majority of whom are unable to function in isolation from other people. Group be- longing (initially related to family, subsequently to peers, neighbours, society, nation or civilization), causes a common sharing of values, the (co-)forming of the identity of a certain individual – an identity, one may add, remaining in the process of continual development. Identity, once treated as a static construct, has, through the influence of the ever-increasing speed of emerging changes in the contemporary world, become dynamic, free-flowing matter allowing continual transfor- mation, in a similar way to how fluid post-modernity and the period follow- ing it have become. The manifestation of this may be observed on a social, economic, political and, of course, cultural basis.2 The self-determination