RIVER WATER QUALITY QUALITY RIVER WATER CHAPTER 2 Kualiti Air Kualiti Sungai River Water River Water Quality Chapter 2 BAB 2 MALAYSIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REPORT 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL MALAYSIA 33 BAB 2 BAB 2 | CHAPTER 2 PENGAWASAN KUALITI AIR SUNGAI KUALITI AIR SUNGAI RIVER WATER QUALITY MONITORING 37 Rajah 2.1 Malaysia : Tren Kualiti Air Sungai, 2005 - 2016 Figure 2.1 Malaysia : River Water Quality Trend, 2005 - 2016 38 Jadual 2.1 Malaysia: Status Kualiti Air bagi Sungai Bersih, 2016 Table 2.1 Malaysia: Water Quality Status of Clean Rivers, 2016 43 Jadual 2.2 Malaysia: Status Kualiti Air Sungai bagi Sungai Sederhana Tercemar, 2016 Table 2.2 Malaysia: Water Quality Status of Slightly Polluted Rivers, 2016 48 Jadual 2.3 Malaysia: Status Kualiti Air bagi Sungai Tercemar, 2016 Table 3.3 Malaysia: Water Quality Status of Polluted Rivers, 2016 49 Jadual 2.4 Malaysia: Sungai Tercemar dan Kelas Kualiti Air Berdasarkan BOD, AN dan SS, 2016 Table 2.4 Malaysia: The Polluted Rivers and Classes Based on BOD, AN and SS, 2016 51 Rajah 2.2: Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Sungai Automatik dan Takat Pengambilan Air Figure 2.2: Continuous Water Quality Stations and Water Intakes 51 Jadual 2.5 Senarai Takat Pengambilan Air dalam Kawasan Tadahan seperti dalam Rajah 2.2 Table 2.5 Water Intake List within cacthments as in the Figure 2.2 53 Rajah 2.3 Perbandingan Frekuensi Kumulatif bagi 10 Stesen-stesen CWQM untuk Oksigen Terlarut, 2016 Figure 2.3 Comparison of Cumulative Frequency for 10 CWQM Stations for Dissolved Oxygen, 2016 53 Rajah 2.4 Perbandingan Frekuensi Kumulatif bagi 13 Stesen-stesen CWQM untuk Ammonium, 2016 Figure 2.4 Comparison of Cumulative Frequency for 13 CWQM Stations for Ammonium Concentration, 2016 54 Rajah 2.5 Perbandingan Frekuensi Kumulatif bagi 10 Stesen-stesen CWQM untuk LAPORAN KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING MALAYSIA 2016 LAPORAN KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING MALAYSIA Kekeruhan, 2016 Figure 2.5 Comparison of Cumulative Frequency for 10 CWQM Stations for Turbidity, 2016 55 Rajah 2.6 Perbandingan Frekuensi Kumulatif bagi 10 Stesen-stesen CWQM untuk pH, 2016 Figure 2.6 Comparison of Cumulative Frequency for 10 CWQM Stations for pH, 2016 57 Rajah 2.7 Malaysia: Tren Kualiti Air Sungai Berdasarkan Sub-Indeks BOD (2005 - 2016) Figure 2.7 Malaysia: River Water Quality Trend Based on BOD Sub-Index (2005 - 2016) 57 Rajah 2.8 Malaysia: Tren Kualiti Air Sungai Berdasarkan Sub-Indeks AN (2005 - 2016) Figure 2.8 Malaysia: River Water Quality Trend Based on AN Sub-Index (2005 - 2016) 58 Rajah 2.9 Malaysia: Tren Kualiti Air Sungai Berdasarkan Sub-Indeks SS (2005 - 2016) Figure 2.9 Malaysia: River Water Quality Trend Based on SS Sub-Index (2005 - 2016) 60 Jadual 2.6 Malaysia: Status Kualiti Air di Hulu Muka Sauk, 2016 Table 2.6 Malaysia: Water Quality Status of Upstream Water Intakes, 2016 34 62 Rajah 2.10 Kualiti Air Sungai di Stesen di Hulu Muka Sauk, 2016 Figure 2.10 River Water Quality at Stations Upstream of Water Intakes, 2016 63 Jadual 2.7 Malaysia: Status Kualiti Air di Hulu Muka Sauk Berdasarkan Sub-Indeks BOD, 2016 Table 2.7 Malaysia: Water Quality Status of Upstream Water Intakes Based on BOD Sub-Index, 2016 65 Jadual 2.8 Malaysia: Status Kualiti Air di Hulu Muka Sauk Berdasarkan Sub-Indeks AN, 2016 QUALITY RIVER WATER Table 2.8 Malaysia: Water Quality Status of Upstream Water Intakes Based on AN Sub-Index, 2016 67 Jadual 2.9 Malaysia: Status Kualiti Air di Hulu Muka Sauk Berdasarkan Sub-Indeks CHAPTER 2 SS, 2016 Table 2.9 Malaysia: Water Quality Status of Upstream Water Intakes Based on SS Sub-Index, 2016 MALAYSIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REPORT 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL MALAYSIA 35 BAB 2 PENGAWASAN KUALITI RIVER WATER QUALITY AIR SUNGAI MONITORING KUALITI AIR SUNGAI Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) The Department of Environment meneruskan program pengawasan (DOE) continues with the river water kualiti air sungai pada tahun 2016 quality monitoring programme in bagi menentukan kualiti air sungai 2016 to determine the status of dan mengesan perubahan ke atas river water quality and to detect kualiti air sungai. Sampel-sampel air changes in river water quality. Water sungai diambil daripada stesen-stesen samples were collected at regular yang telah ditetapkan dan diukur intervals from designated stations kualitinya secara in-situ serta dihantar for in-situ and laboratory analysis ke makmal untuk dianalisis bagi tujuan to determine its physico-chemical menentukan kriteria dari segi fizik-kimia and biological characteristics. The dan biologi. Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA) Water Quality Index (WQI) is used to digunakan untuk mengukur tahap indicate the level of pollution and the pencemaran dan kesesuaian jenis corresponding suitability in terms of guna air seperti yang digariskan oleh water uses according to the National Standard Kualiti Air Negara (ANNEX). Water Quality Standards for Malaysia IKA telah diperolehi berdasarkan (ANNEX). The WQI was derived based kepada parameter oksigen terlarut on dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical (DO), keperluan oksigen biokimia oxygen demand (BOD), chemical (BOD), keperluan oksigen kimia (COD), oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), pepejal nitrogen (NH3-N), Suspended Solids terampai (SS) dan pH. Pada tahun (SS) and pH. In 2016, the river water 2016, kualiti air sungai telah dinilai quality was evaluated based on a berdasarkan kepada sejumlah 5,256 total of 5,256 samples taken from 891 sampel air sungai yang telah diambil manual monitoring stations located daripada 891 stesen pengawasan at 477 rivers. The stations comprised of manual yang terletak di 477 sungai. 801 ambient and baseline stations, 55 Stesen-stesen tersebut adalah terdiri stations at selected upstream water daripada 801 stesen ambien dan intakes, and 35 stations for River of Life baseline, 55 stesen di hulu muka sauk (ROL) project. Water quality was also terpilih, dan 35 stesen bagi projek River evaluated from 10 continuous water of Life (RoL). Kualiti air sungai turut quality monitoring stations. dinilai berdasarkan data daripada 10 LAPORAN KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING MALAYSIA 2016 LAPORAN KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING MALAYSIA stesen pengawasan automatik. 36 STATUS KUALITI RIVER WATER AIR SUNGAI QUALITY STATUS Daripada 477 sungai yang diawasi, Out of 477 rivers monitored, 224 (47%) 224 (47%) didapati bersih, 207 (43%) were found to be clean, 207 (43%) sederhana tercemar, 46 (10%) adalah slightly polluted and 46 (10%) polluted tercemar (Rajah 2.1). Tren kualiti air (Figure 2.1). The trend of river water sungai-sungai yang diawasi adalah quality is shown in Tables 2.1, Table 2.2 seperti dalam Jadual 2.1, Jadual 2.2 dan and Table 2.3. QUALITY RIVER WATER Jadual 2.3. Seperti tahun sebelumnya, pencemar As in previous years, the major pollutants CHAPTER 2 utama yang dikesan adalah Keperluan detected were Biochemical Oxygen Oksigen Biokimia (BOD), Ammonia Demand (BOD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen Nitrogen (NH3-N) dan Pepejal Terampai (NH3-N) and Suspended Solid (SS). High (SS). BOD yang tinggi kerap kali dikaitkan BOD can be attributed to adequate dengan kumbahan dan effluen yang partially treated sewage and effluent sebahagiannya dirawat daripada from agro-based and manufacturing industri-industri pengilangan dan industries. The main sources of NH3-N berasaskan pertanian. Punca utama were animal farming and domestic NH3-N pula boleh dikaitkan dengan sewage whilst the sources for SS were aktiviti penternakan dan kumbahan earthworks and land clearing activities. domestik manakala punca utama SS adalah kerja-kerja tanah yang tidak teratur dan aktiviti pembukaan tanah. Bersih / Clean Sederhana Tercemar / Slightly Polluted Tercemar / Polluted 400 368 338 335 334 350 306 293 278 275 300 275 276 244 250 217 224 197 203 207 200 180 186 173 168 166 164 161 150 150 90 100 Bilangan Sungai / Number of Rivers 74 58 48 48 54 39 38 47 46 50 29 33 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Tahun / Year Rajah 2.1 Malaysia : Tren Kualiti Air Sungai, 2005 - 2016 Figure 2.1 Malaysia : River Water Quality Trend, 2005 - 2016 MALAYSIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REPORT 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL MALAYSIA 37 Jadual 2.1 Malaysia: Status Kualiti Air bagi Sungai Bersih, 2016 Table 2.1 Malaysia: Water Quality Status of Clean Rivers, 2016 BILANGAN 2015 2016 BAB 2 LEMBANGAN STESEN/ SUNGAI/ NEGERI/ STATE SUNGAI/ NUMBER RIVER RIVER BASIN OF IKA/ KATEGORI/ KELAS/ IKA/ KATEGORI/ KELAS/ WQI CATEGORY CLASS WQI CATEGORY CLASS KUALITI AIR SUNGAI STATIONS SG. WANG KELIAN 1 89 B/C II 89 B/C II SG. PELARIT 1 93 B/C I 88 B/C II PERLIS SG. PERLIS SG. JARUM 1 74 ST/SP III 82 B/C II SG. JERNIH 1 85 B/C II 82 B/C II SG. KISAP SG. KISAP 1 93 B/C I 90 B/C II KEDAH (LANGKAWI) SG. MELAKA SG. PETANG 1 93 B/C I 91 B/C II SG. JANING 1 93 B/C I 91 B/C II SG. KEDAH SG. PEDU 1 86 B/C II 88 B/C II KEDAH SG. PADANG TERAP 3 84 B/C II 84 B/C II SG. TUPAH 1 93 B/C I 91 B/C II SG. MERBOK SG. TOK PAWANG 1 85 B/C II 88 B/C II SG. CHEPIR 1 85 B/C II 89 B/C II SG. KETIL 2 81 B/C II 85 B/C II KEDAH/ SG. MUDA P.PINANG SG. KARANGAN 1 88 B/C II 84 B/C II SG. MUDA 4 85 B/C II 84 B/C II SG. JAWI SG. JUNJONG 1 90 B/C II 90 B/C II P.PINANG SG. PINANG SG. AIR TERJUN 1 87 B/C II 89 B/C II SG. KLUANG SG. ARA 2 87 B/C II 84 B/C II P.PINANG/ SG.