YOU CAN UNDERSTAND THE BIBLE THE SUDDEN FALL OF NINEVEH (Nahum) HOPEFULLY NOT THE FALL OF JERUSALEM (Zephaniah) THE SIEGE AND FALL OF JERUSALEM (Lamentations) THE FALL OF BABYLON (Habakkuk) BOB UTLEY PROFESSOR OF HERMENEUTICS (BIBLE INTERPRETATION) STUDY GUIDE COMMENTARY SERIES OLD TESTAMENT VOL. 10B BIBLE LESSONS INTERNATIONAL MARSHALL, TEXAS 2015 INTRODUCTION TO NAHUM I. THE NAME OF THE BOOK A. It is named after the prophet. B. His name (BDB 637) means “comfort” or “compassion” (cf. Isa. 57:18). II. CANONIZATION A. This book is part of the Minor Prophets because of its length. B. The Minor Prophets are called “the Twelve.” They probably were put together because they fit on one scroll. C. The Minor Prophets are in the second division of the Hebrew canon called “The Prophets.” See Special Topic: Canon (Hebrew). D. The Jews wanted the number of the books in their canon to match the number of consonants in their alphabet, therefore, they combined several books. III. GENRE A. It is classical Hebrew propheticism (poetry). It is one of the most powerful poems in the OT. See Special Topic: Hebrew Poetry. B. Nahum was unique and artistic in his choice of words and idioms. He and Isaiah are considered the greatest poets of the Prophets. There is a literary relationship between them: 1. Nahum 1:4 and Isaiah 33:19 2. Nahum 1:15 and Isaiah 52:7 C. Nahum 1:2-8 is a partial acrostic psalm. An opening psalm is unique among the Minor Prophets. IV. AUTHORSHIP A. There is little known about the prophet. This is the only occurrence of his name in the OT. B. He is called an Elkoshite which was probably a place name. There have been several theories: 1. Jerome and Eusebius place it in Galilee, the city of Elkosh. 2. Others assert that Capernaum, “house of Nahum,” is the location but there is no corroborating evidence. 3. Pseudo-Epiphanius places it in southern Judah, The Lives of the Prophets, XVII, the city of Elkosh close to Micah’s home. 4. An Arab tradition of the 16th century A.D., placed it in Iraq (child of exiled parents). The city of Elkosh is 24 miles north of Nineveh, near modern Mosul. 1 V. DATE A. It must have been written before the fall of Nineveh, 612 B.C. B. It was written after the fall of Thebes (No-amon) by Ashurbanipal in 663 B.C. (cf. Nah. 3:8-10) because it was used as an example of a city defended by water that was captured. C. It was possibly written soon after Ashurbanipal’s death in 627 B.C. He was the last strong king of Assyria and by 626 B.C. Neo-Babylon gained independence under Nabopolassar. VI. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF ASSYRIA AND PALESTINE A. Nahum addresses the fall of Assyria, whose capital was Nineveh. God used this cruel nation as an instrument of His judgment on Israel (cf. Isa. 10:5). B. The first recorded incident occurred in the reign of Jehu (842-815 B.C.). In 841 B.C. the Assyrian’s king, Shalmaneser III (858-824 B.C.), forced Israel to pay tribute. C. This continued under Adad-nirari III (810-782 B.C.). Damascus was captured and King Joash was forced to pay tribute. D. The first major invasion and deportation of Israel occurred in the reign of Menahem (752-732 B.C.) by Tiglath-pileser III (745-727 B.C.) in 732 B.C. Apparently he replaced Pekah (740-732 B.C.) with Hoshea (732-722 B.C., cf. 2 Kgs. 15:29); 1 Chr. 5:6; 2 Chr. 30:6,10; Isa. 9:1. This domination of Palestine affected Judah because Ahaz (735-715 B.C.) also paid tribute. E. Hoshea tried to ally Israel with Egypt and was invaded by Shalmaneser V (727-722 B.C.). Samaria, Israel’s capital, fell after a 3 year siege to Sargon II (721-705 B.C.). Israel was exiled to Medea (cf. 2 Kgs. 17:3-20; 18:20-21; Isa. 7:8; 8:4; 10:11; 36:20; Hos. 9:3; 10:6,14; 11:5). Sargon II invaded and forced tribute on Judah in 720 B.C. and 712 B.C. F. In Judah King Hezekiah (728-687 B.C.) had succeeded Ahaz. He initially paid tribute to Sargon II. He later refused tribute to Assyria (cf. 2 Kings 18). Judah was invaded by Sennacherib (704- 681 B.C.) in 701 B.C., but was forced to withdraw because of a plague caused by the angel of the LORD, which killed 185,000 Assyrian soldiers (cf. Is. 10:16; 36:1-37:38; 2 Kgs. 18:13-19:37; 2 Chr. 32:1-31). G. Later, Hezekiah’s son, Manasseh, was forced to submit to Esarhaddon (681-669 B.C., cf. 2 Chr. 33:1-11). H. Esarhaddon’s son, Ashurbanipal (638-633 B.C.), was the last strong king of Assyria. After his death, during a period of rapid decline: 1. Nabopolassar (625-605 B.C.) set up an independent Neo-Babylon. 2. Psammetihus I (664-609 B.C.) restored Egypt to independence. 3. Josiah (640-609 B.C.) restored Judah to independence. 4. Cyaxaxes (625-585 B.C.) set up an independent Media. I. Nineveh, the capital of Assyrian, fell in 612 B.C., to Nabopolassar and Cyaxaxes. Ashur, the old capital, had already fallen in 614 B.C. 2 J. Nineveh covered 1,850 acres and had 8 miles of reinforced walls. VII. LITERARY UNITS A. Opening, Nah, 1:1 B. A psalm of the severity and graciousness of YHWH, Nah. 1:2-8 (partial acrostic). C. The reality of God’s character, judgment to Nineveh, deliverance to Judah, Nah. 1:9-2:2. D. A graphic poetic account of the siege and fall of Nineveh, the great city, Nah. 2:3-3:19. VIII. MAIN TRUTHS A. The focus of the book is the destruction of Nineveh, the capital of the cruel Assyrian Empire. It was made the capital by Sennacherib about 700 B.C. It was located on the eastern bank of the Tigris River and was very well fortified. B. The city was completely destroyed by the Neo-Babylonians and Medes in 612 B.C., as had Asshur in 614 B.C. They used the power of the river which flowed around the walls. They diverted the river water into reservoirs and then released it all at once. The force of the water knocked down a large section of the wall, Nah. 2:6. YHWH used a foreign, pagan nation as His instrument of judgment. Nahum described this as a theophany (Nah. 1:3-8). C. God had used the cruel Assyrians to judge His people (Isa. 10:5) but now the Assyrians were judged. D. Nahum is similar to the judgment on the nations section of the Major Prophets. 1. Isaiah 13-24 2. Jeremiah 46-51 3. Ezekiel 25-32 IX. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY A. Walter A. Maier, The Book of Nahum, Baker, 1980 B. David J. Clark and Howard A. Hatton, A Handbook on the Books of Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah, UBS 1989 C. David W. Baker, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Tyndale OT Commentaries, Inter-Varsity Press, 1999 3 NAHUM 1 PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS NASB NKJV NRSV TEV NJB God Is Awesome Title 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1 God’s Wrath On His The Coming of the The LORD’S Anger Against Psalm, the Wrath of Enemies Avenging LORD Nineveh Yahweh 1:2-8 1:2-3c 1:2-11 1:2-3c 1:2-8 (2-8) (2-3c) (2-11) (2-3c) (2-8) 1:3d-5 1:3d-10 (3d-5) (3d-10) 1:6 (6) 1:7-8 Prophetic Judgment on (7-8) Judah and Assyria 1:9-13 1:9-11 1:9-10 (9-13) (9-11) (9-10) To Assyria 1:11-13 1:11 (11) To Judah 1:12a 1:12-13 1:12-13 (12-13) (12-13) 1:12b-13 To the King of Nineveh (12b-13) 1:14 1:14 1:14 1:14 1:14 (14) (14) (14) (14) The Sack of Nineveh To Judah (1:15-3:19) 1:15 1:15 1:15 1:15 2:1 (MT) (15) (15) (15) (1) READING CYCLE THREE (from "A Guide to Good Bible Reading") WORD AND PHRASE STUDY NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: 1:1 1The oracle of Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite. 1:1 NASB, NRSV, REB “oracle” NKJV “burden” TEV “message” NJB “charge” 4 LXX “issue” Peshitta “wound” The MT has “oracle” (BDB 672 III). The same root also means “Lord,” “burden,” or “tribute” (BDB 672 II). But in this context, “oracle” fits best (cf. 2 Kgs. 9:25; 2 Chr. 24:27; Isa. 13:1; 14:28; 15:1; Jer. 23:33,34,36,38; Ezek. 12:10; Hab. 1:1; Zech. 9:1; 12:1; Mal. 1:1). } “book” Probably better translated “scroll” (BDB 706, cf. Jer. 25:13; 30:2; 36:2; Dan. 12:4). } “vision” This is the only OT Prophecy that has a double introduction. This term (BDB 302, #4) is a title (cf. 2 Chr. 32:32; Isa. 1:1; Obad. 1). It is related to the title of a prophet, “seer,” BDB 302; see Special Topic: Prophecy (OT). This message was not the invention or fabrication of a person, but a revelatory message from YHWH (cf. Nah.