Quantitative ethnomedicinal study of indigenous medicinal plants used for digestive disorders of Laspur Valley, Chitral, Northern Pakistan Sher Wali, Hammad Ahmad Jan, Rainer W. Bussmann Research Key words: Quantitative ethnomedicinal; indigenous medicinal plants; digestive disorders; Laspur valley; Abstract Northern Pakistan Background: The present study was the first one of its own kind conducted in the study area. Throughout the world digestive system diseases and their related Correspondence symptoms are widely prevalent. People of Chitral still heavily rely upon therapeutic plants to cure digestive Sher Wali1, Hammad Ahmad Jan*1, Rainer W. disorders. 2* Bussmann Aim of the study: The present study was conducted 1Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, in order to document the traditional uses of medicinal Pakistan plants for the cure of digestive disorders in Laspur 2Department of Etnnobotany, Institute of Botany, Ilia Valley of Chitral. State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Methods: Ethnomedicinal data was obtained from *Corresponding author: [email protected] 200 inhabitants of the area through face to face interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. To analyze data quantitatively, Use-Value (UV), Ethnobotany Research & Applications Familiarity-Index (FI), Family Importance Value 18:32 (2019) (FIV), Consensus-Index (CI), and Informant زﯾﻧﻟډ .Consensus Factor indices (ICF) were applied سﭘ ﻣ ﻧ رظ : pﻧواﺳ ﮫﻌﻟﺎطﻣ د لﭘﺧ لوډ وﻟۍړﻣ ﮫﺧرﺑ هد ﯥﭼ د ﯥﻌﻟﺎطﻣ ﮫﭘ ﮫﭘ ﯥﻌﻟﺎطﻣ د ﯥﭼ هد ﮫﺧرﺑ وﻟۍړﻣ لوډ لﭘﺧ د ﮫﻌﻟﺎطﻣ pﻧواﺳ Results: A total of 44 medicinal plants were ﮫﺣﺎﺳ ﯥﮐ هرﺳرﺗ .يږﯾﮐ ﮫﻟوÜﮫﭘ ړیﻧ ﯥﮐ د ﻲﻣﺎﺿھ مﺗﺳﯾﺳ وﻣÜﺳﯾﺳ ﮫﻧ وا documented. The recurring life forms were herbs دھ ﯥﻐ دﻧوړا ﯽçﻧ ﮫﭘ ﮫﺧارﭘ ﮫﭼﮐ نوﺗﺷ .ريﻟ دﭼ لارﺗ ﻠﮏﺧ ﻻ واس مھ د shrubs (15.91%) and trees (6.82%). The most ,(75%) ﻌﻣ ﺎ يوﺟﻟ ﻧ ﺑ ﺎ ﺗ ﺎ وﺗ درﺿﭘ ﯾﮑﺗ ﮫ يوﮐ وñرﺗ د ﻲﻣﺎﺿھ ﻧ وﯾﻏورﺎ ﻣرد ﻠ ﻧ ﮫ .يړﮐو frequently utilized part was the leaves (43.18%). To دطﻣ ﺎ ﯥﻌﻟ :ﻘﻣدﺻ pﻧواﺳ ﮫﻌﻟﺎطﻣ د ېد ﻟ ﭘ هرﺎ هرﺳرﺗ هوﺷ ﯥﭼ د لارﺗﭼ د prepare medicine leaves were used unprocessed in رﭘﺳﻻ ﯾو وﻠ ﮫﭘ ﮫﻣﯾﺳ ﯥﮐ د مﺿھ د ﺗﺧا ﺎ وﻧوطﻟ ﻠﻣرد ﯥﻧ ﻟ ﭘ هرﺎ د وﻠﻣرد زﯾدود fresh/dried form, as powder, and decoction, and لوﺎﮐر دﻧﺗﺳﻣ .ړيﮐ were usually taken orally. The FI value was led by Coriandrum sativum (0.285). The family Apiaceae ﯾﻣ :ﮫﻧودوﺗ دﻣ ﺎ نﯾ ﭘ pﮐﺎ اډ Ü ﺳﺎ د ﺧﯥﻣﯾ د وﮑﻠ ﮫﺧñ دﺧﻣ ﺦﻣﺎ وﮐرﻣ وا مﯾﻧ "had the maximum FIV value (46.5). The value of "CI ﻣﺗﺧﺎﺳ ﺎ ﻲﻧ ﺗçوﭘ ﻧ ﻠ وﻧوﮑﯾ ﻟ ﮫ ا ېرﻟ ارﺗ ﮫﺳﻟ .ېوﺷ د ﯥﺑﺳﺎﺣﻣ د ﻌﻣ ﺎوﻠﻣ وﺗ ﻠﺣﺗ لﯾ was highest for Coriandrum sativum. ICF values for ت،هﭘﻟﺎر ،دت çç اارزدرز ،ﻧتﯥدﻧﯾژﭘ ﺳ ردﻟ ﻧpوﮐ ،ﻣتھات ﯾç ادرز (Dysentery, Vomiting and Intestinal Disorders (1.0 وﻣ ا ﻓ تﻘ ﻟ ،تﺳﯾ ا و د ﻌﻣ ﻠ ﻣو ﺎ ﺗ و رﯾﻏ ﻲﻣﺳر وﮐورﻣ ﻲﮑﻧ ﻧوﺧﺻﺎﺷ ﮫ ﺑطﺗ قﯾ .presented the maximum consensus factor .وﺷي ﯾﺎﭘ:ﻠﯥ ﻟوÜﮫﭘ هزﯾ ﮫ¢وﺗ 44 لردﻣ يوﺷ ﻧ ﺑ ﺎ ﺗ تﺎ ﺛ تﺑ .يوﺷ د ﻧوژ د ﺑ ﯾ ﺎ ﻲﻠ§ Conclusion: The practice of using therapeutic plants •ﺑﮫ د وÜوﺑ (75 )٪ ، ﺑ و Ü و (15.91 )٪ ا و و ﯥﻧ (6.82 )٪ .ېو رﺗ وﻟوÜ رﯾډ to cure digestive disorders by medicinal plants is still prevalent in the study area. ﺳاﺗ لﺎﻣﻌ يوﺷ ﮫﺧرﺑ ﭘ ﺎ ﻲ• (43.18 )٪ .ېو دد وﻠﻣر وﺗﻣﭼ وﻟوﮐ ﻟ ﭘ هرﺎ د د هرﺎ ﭘ ﻟ وﻟوﮐ وﺗﻣﭼ وﻠﻣر دد Published: 19 October 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.18.32.1-18 Ethnobotany Research and Applications 2 therapeutic plants of Chitral valley are critically وﯾوﻧ وﭼو وﭼو وﯾوﺷ ﻓ وﻧوﻣرﺎ ﮫﮑﻟ ﭘ ،رډؤﺎ وا يړوñﮐ ﮫﭘ نﺎﺷ رﯾﻏ سﺳورﭘ سﺳورﭘ رﯾﻏ نﺎﺷ ﮫﭘ يړوñﮐ وا ،رډؤﺎ ﭘ ﮫﮑﻟ وﻧوﻣرﺎ ﻓ وﯾوﺷ وﭼو وﭼو وﯾوﻧ required (Ali and Qaiser, 2009). Because verbally يوﺷ لورﺎﮐ ،يوﺷ وا ﺎﻣوﻣﻋ ﮫﭘ ﻔﺷ ﻲھﺎ ﮫ¢وﺗ لﺗﺳﯾﺧا .يوﺷ د يوﻠ¢دﻧژﯾﭘ يوﻠ¢دﻧژﯾﭘ د conveyed information is held especially by the older تﺳﯾﻟ تçزرا د مرډﻧﯾروﮐ مﯾÜﯾﺎﺳ (0.285 ) اوﺧﻟ يرﺷﻣ .یوﺷ د pﻧروﮐ pﻧروﮐ د Apiaceae generation, a large portion of it can vanish easily with رﺗ وﻟوÜ هړوﻟ FIV تçزرا دوﻟرد (46.5 .) د "CI " تçزرا تçزرا " .(their passing (Kim et al. 2006; Kim and Song, 2008 د موﻣرډﻧﯾوﮐ مﯾÜﯾﺎﺳ ﻟ ﭘ هرﺎ اروﺧ ړوﻟ .و د ،يرﯾرﺳﯾډ کډﻧﮐ وا ﻲﻧدﻌﻣ ﻲﻧدﻌﻣ وا کډﻧﮐ ،يرﯾرﺳﯾډ د .و ړوﻟ اروﺧ هرﺎ ﭘ ﻟ مﯾÜﯾﺎﺳ موﻣرډﻧﯾوﮐ د The present research aimed at recording the وﯾﻏورﺎﻧ هرﺎﭘﻟ د ICF ﮫﻧوﺗçزرا (1.0 1.0 ) د یرﯾډ اوﻣ تﻘﻓ رﺻﻧﻋ رﺻﻧﻋ تﻘﻓ اوﻣ یرﯾډ د ) ethnomedicinal practices of therapeutic plants to ړو ا ﻧ ېد .يوﮐ cure Digestive Disorders (DD) in Laspur Valley, and Background to assess the use of plant species in light of the For basic healthcare, almost 80% of the human literature review. In particular, we tried to answer the population depends upon therapeutic plants (WHO, following questions: (i) which plant species are used 2002; Sarma et al. 2012). Plant based remedies are for DDs in Laspur Valley (ii) what DDs are cured with also popular in the West, because they are assumed the maximum amount of therapeutic species? (iii) are to have negligible or no negative effects if directed certain families of plants more or less utilized than appropriately (Jordan et al. 2010). Other than anticipated in DDs? and (iv) what types of illnesses therapeutic use, plants are progressively utilized as are ordinarily cured with the help of which parts of a part of beauty care products and nutraceuticals plant, plant species, families and administration (Rokaya et al. 2014). modes? Natural remedies were found to be often a viable option to treat an extensive variety of illnesses Materials and Methods (Rokaya et al. 2014), including digestive ailments Introduction to the study area (Heinrich et al. 1992; Manandhar, 2002; Rokaya et Laspur valley is one of the most beautiful valleys of al. 2014; Street and Prinsloo, 2013). Individuals Chitral. It is located to the north-east of Chitral town, living in the mountainous regions of Pakistan utilize at a distance of 125 km. The total length of the valley plants for numerous reasons, for example, as is around 104 km, 57 km of which are above the medicines, protection, timber, firewood, kindling, village of Laspur, representing an uncultivated tract. sustenance and feed, housing, etc. (Hussain et al. According to the census 2017 the population is 1996). Throughout the world Digestive diseases and approximately 9500 people distributed in 1450 their related symptoms are very widespread. Nearly houses and the literacy rate is more than 65%. 8–10% of the population is affected even in the Laspur valley lies in between latitude 36°1'56.3" N, developed world. The primary reasons are poverty, 72°32'26.8" E (Fig. 1). The elevation of Laspur valley changes in dietary patterns, and water pollution, is around 2400m. Temperature hardly exceeds the among others (Mc Michael 2006; Molares and Ladio, limit of 30ºC and the Minimum temperature is -8ºC. 2009). Laspur borders with Gilgit in the north, Mastuj in the The utilization of therapeutic plants for disorders of south, and high snowy mountains separate it from digestive system is common. Strikingly, a Swat in the west. Laspur valley harbors six main characteristic of these plants is their specific odor or villages namely Balim, Sor-Laspur, Harchin, Broke, flavor: they are typically bitter, fragrant, and also Raman and Gasht. The most beautiful and attractive astringent. These organoleptic qualities originate village among them is Balim. Shandur, the highest from secondary metabolites, for example, terpenoids polo ground of the world, is only 6 km away, in the and their derivates (Molares and Ladio, 2009), and meadow area of Laspur, a flat piece of land situated tannins or other chemical components (Heinrich et 3725m above sea level. There are 5 colleges, 18 al. 1992). private and 16 government middle and high schools These qualities can be precious memory aids with in Laspur valley (www.chitraltoday.net). regards to the cultural transference of this ethno- medicinal data (Molares and Ladio, 2009). Literature review Information on plant use is normally transmitted Different online data bases (ISI Web of Science, orally, including in Pakistan (Haq, 1983; Khan and MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Zaidi, 1991; Haq and Hussain, 1993; Hussain et al. Scholar) were searched using the terms "therapeutic 1996; Shinwari and Khan, 2000; Gilani et al. 2001; plants", "medicinal plants", "gastrointestinal", Ahmad et al. 2009; Qureshi et al. 2009; Abbasi et al. "digestive disorders", "diarrhea", "dysentery", 2013; Rahman et al. 2016). People of Chitral still "stomach" and "Chitral, Pakistan" before beginning heavily rely upon therapeutic plants for majority of the field work. The term "Chitral, Pakistan'' was their illnesses, thus a loss of these plant assets employed to constrain the topographical extent of the would hamper the current healthcare system in the search. The exactness of species names given in area. Actions for the protection especially of this work depend upon that from the original bases. Published: 19 October 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.18.32.1-18 Ethnobotany Research and Applications 3 But, we confirmed presently recognized name(s) in documented (Baral and Kurmi, 2006; Rokaya et al. online classification sources 2014). (http://www.theplantlist.org) and To get phytochemical or pharmacological data about (http://www.tropicos.org/project/Pakistan). Available respective therapeutic plants species we also used vernacular names were also recorded. Habitat and the above stated databases. origin (wild/developed) of each plant species was Fig. 1. Map of the study area (www.mapcarta.com) Collection of ethnomedicinal data Plant sampling and identification The ethnomedicinal field survey was completed in Specimens of plants were collected and identified 2014-2015 to record the data about therapeutic through standard taxonomic techniques and plants utilized by the local population.