SURVEY OF HETERODERID NEMATODES OF UTTAR PRADESH AND STUDIES ON THE MORPHOMETRICS, SEASONAL FLUCTUATION IN POPULATION AND NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL OF Heterodera avenae WOLLENWEBER, 1924 ABSTRACT Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Bottor of ^I)ilos(opt)p in BOTANY MOHAMMAD RAIS SIDDIQUI DEPARTMEiNT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1993 ABSTRACT Heteroderid nematodes are those members of the family Heteroderidae and superfamily Heteroderoidea in which sedentary endoparasitic females on maturity transformed into cysts containing eggs/larvae. During the course of survey 1670 soil/root samples of cereals, vegetables, pulses, oil seeds, ornamentals, and weeds were collected and assayed for the occurrence of heteroderid nematode species in 56 districts of Uttar Pradesh. Only species belonging to the genus Heterodera were encountered. Their frequency and infestation levels were determined. In all, seven species viz, H. avenae, H_. ca jani, H. mothi, H_. cyperi, H^. zeae, H. sorghi and H. graminis were encountered. Out of them, H^. ca iani, ti_. zeae and H_. mothi, in this order, was the most prevalent in the state and their frequency of occurrence was also high. Heterodera graminis was restricted to mountainous, submountai.nous or the Gangetic plains. H_. sorghi and H. cyperi had been restricted to the Gangetic plains. H_. avenae was encountered in the Gangetic and trans-Yamuna plains boardering Rajasthan, the state where from it was reported for the first time in India. Studies on seasonal fluctuation of larvae and cysts of H. avenae population of Aligarh indicated that optimal number of larvae was isolated in Juanuary and that of cysts in April. This held true for studies made in 1989 and 1990. A detail study of H,. avenae, collected from Aligarh and Ghaziabad, was undertaken by the author. Studies dealing with effect of different hosts, soil types and soil moistures on changes in measurements of certain characteristics of larvae, males, females, cysts, eggs and cone top structures of the two populations of U_. avenae indicated that barring lip annules and lateral incisures, the remaining characteristics are unstable. However, they never exceeded the range of descriptions as proposed by different taxonomists for this nematode. For studying the host range of H. avenae, 37 plants belonging to eleven families of Angiosperms were inoculated. Avena sativa cv. Kent, Triticum aestivum cvs. K-68, RR-21, Hordeum vulgare cv. Jyoti, Zea mays cv. Shakti, Secale cereale, Phalaris minor and Polypogon monospeliensis (family Graminae) were found susceptible to both Aligarh and Ghaziabad populations. Sllene conoidea (family Caryophyllaceae) when inoculated with two isolates of H_. avenae it was observed that cyst formation occurred with Aligarh and not with Ghaziabad isolate. Unlike several scientist working on host specialization, the author employed international differentials in order to differentiate the Aligarh and Ghaziabad isolates. Aligarh and Ghaziabad population of H. avenae differs from one another on the basis of host reaction on differentials viz., oat Sun II, Avena sterilis and barley cultivar Siri which were different from earlier reported biotypes from India and abroad. The efficiency of chopped leaves of Calotropis procera, Nerium indicum, Bougainvillia spectabilis, Ricinus communis. Datura stramonium, Cannabis sativa, Xanthium strumarim, and Eucalyptus citriodera have been evaluated against wheat, barley and oat to manage the cereal cyst nematode. The chopped leaves of the above plants when amended with soil, had resulted in the better plant growth of wheat, barley and oat and decreased the population of H_. avenae. Significant increase in the growth of wheat, barley and oat have been observed when 10 g and 20 g chopped leaves of C. procera, N. indicum, ^. spectabilis, R. communis, C. sativa and E. citriodera, applied to the pots containing 1 kg autoclaved soil. Plants receiving 20 g chopped leaves per kg soil were proved superior than those in which 10 g chopped leaves were added. The best performance had been observed in the growth of wheat receiving leaves of B. spectabilis and of barley and oat receiving leaves of R. communis @ 20 g per kg soil. SURVEY OF HETERODERID NEMATODES OF UTTAR PRADESH AND STUDIES ON THE MORPHOMETRICS, SEASONAL FLUCTUATION IN POPULATION AND NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL OF Heterodera avenae WOLLENWEBER, 1924 Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Bottor of $I)ilas(opl^p in BOTANY MOHAMMAD RAIS SIDDIQUI DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1993 ' 'SIM-;•;;...>•'• •7*' .,: ' >:, ''iJi*3' •.^•::,« •• f:',:. •••- ••*: :•: ^••^v^i-:: UH UNlVf T4705 /•i- CHEC:raD-239« AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED TO GRAND FATHER AND PARENTS DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY A L I G A R H — 202 002 Telephone : 2 567 6 Dated 22- 6- ^75 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Survey of Heteroderid Nematodes of Uttar Pradesh and Studies on the Morphometries, Seasonal Fluctuation in Population and Non-Chemical Control of Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, 1924" is upto date and original research work of Mr. Mohammad Rais Siddiqui carried out under the supervision of Late Professor Syed Israr Husain and now submitted under the Chiarman, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, A]igarh in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany. Chair'man ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It immensely gratifies me to record my heartfelt sense of gratitude for Late Prof. Syed Israr Husain, Botany Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh who had suggested me a problem of vital interest, extended his guidance, and unceasing encouragement during his life time. He is no more, but he leaves behind, for me, his source of inspiring genius, his good deeds and virtues which shall always adorn my life. I want to extend my grateful thanks to Prof. A.K.M. Ghouse, Chairman, Botany Department, A.M.U., Aligarh, who generously agreed to take the task of guiding me and also for providing the necessary laboratory facilities. It is a great pleasure for me to place on record my sincere gratitude to 'Father of Nematology' in India Dr. Abrar Mustafa Khan, Professor Emeritus, Botany Department, A.M.U., Aligarh for critically reviewing this manuscript. His able guidance plentiful worthy suggestions made this work possible. During the entire pursuit of my studies I had the good fortune of enjoying his constant help and advice without which this work would not have been what it is . I owe a deep debt of gratitude to Professors Khalid Mahmood, M.M. Alam, Zaiuddin A. Siddiqui, Botany Department, A.M.U. , Aligarh; Dr. D.R. Dasgupta, Head, Dr. E. Khan, Principal Scientist, Nematology Division, lARI, New Delhi and Dr. Ataul Haque Khan, Head, Dr. Anwar Masood, Botany Department, G.F. (P.G.) College, Shahjahanpur for rendering valuable suggestions, help, inspiration and encouragement. I am grateful to Prof. S. Andersen, Land Brugents Plantenkultur , Copenhagen, Denmark and Prof. B.N. Mathur, Nematology Department, Agricultural Research Station, Durgapura, Jaipur for sending seeds of host differentials of oat, wheat and barley to conduct the biotype experiment. I am also thankful to Drs. Lutfullah, Flroz Mohammad, Tabreiz A. Khan, Hisamuddin and Messrs. Abdul Malik, Ali Anwar, Munawar Fazal and S.R.M. Ata for their unceasing and relentless efforts in preparation of this manuscript. Sincere thanks are also due to colleagues and friends for their assistance. Invaluable help in data analyses, and assistance in photography respectively made by Dr. Mohammad Azam, Computer Centre, Dr. Mohammad Yaqub, Statistics Department and Mr. Q.H. Ansari, Botany Department, A.M.U., Aligarh is gratefully acknowledged. I am extremely indebted to my parents, wife and little daughter for their patience, sacrifice, encouragement and care during educational growth and preparation of the thesis. The financial assistance in the form of J.R.F. and S.R.F. from D.S.T., Government of India is gratefully acknowledged. MOHAMMAITRAIS SIDDIQUI CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ... 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7 MATERIALS AND METHODS ... 57 STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH - GEOGRAPHY ... 74 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Survey of heteroderid nematodes and their identification in different districts of Uttar Pradesh. ... 77 Geographical distribution, frequency of occurrence and infestation levels of different species. Mountainous region ... 79 Sub-mountainous region ... 81 Ganga plain region ... 86 Trans-Yamuna region ... 91 Seasonal fluctuation of Heterodera avenae population in a naturally infested field. ... 93 Studies on the morphometries of two populations of H. avenae. ... 97 Effect of host on second stage larvae. ... 98 Effect of host on males .... 102 Effect of host on females .... 106 Effect of host on cysts and cone top structures ... 106 Effect of soil types on second stage larvae ... no Effect of soil types on males ... 115 Effect of soil types on females ... 119 Effect of soil types on cysts cone top structures ... 119 Effect of soil moisture on second stage larave ... 124 Effect of soil moisture on males. ... 129 Effect of soil moisture on females ... 133 Effect of soil moisture on cysts, cone top structures . 135 Studies on host range of two populations of H. avenae. 135 Screening of the populations of \\. avenae for determining its biotypes. ... 144 Studies on the non-chemical control of H^. avenae. Effect of chopped leaves on growth of wheat . 150 Effect of chopped leaves on growth of barley ... 153 Effect of chopped leaves on