NEW CHIEFS, NEW BELIEFS A history of the Tolaki and the Tomoronene, two nations in South-east Celebes (Indonesia), until ca. 1950 Dr. Christiaan G.F. de Jong 2017 1 Original title: Nieuwe hoofden, Nieuwe goden. Geschiedenis van de Tolaki en de Tomoronene, twee volkeren in Zuidoost-Celebes (Indonesië), tot ca. 1950. ISBN 978-3-8443-8756-8 Translated by Truus Daalder-Broekman. © Copyright of this publication is with the author. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission from the author. New chiefs, New beliefs 4 CONTENTS 1. Introduction. 7 1.1. Aim, and scene of the action . 7 1.2. Sources. 7 1.3. A few preliminary remarks . 8 2. The land and its inhabitants . 10 2.1. A connecting thread: four stages . 10 2.2. Climate, natural conditions and population . 11 2.2.1. Climate . 11 2.2.2. Natural conditions . 11 2.2.3. Population . 15 2.2.4. Diseases . 17 2.2.5. Transport, roads and paths . 21 2.2.6. Traffic by water . 25 2.3. Conclusion . 27 2.4. The inhabitants: language, prehistory, myth and hierarchy . 28 2.4.1. Population: a first acquaintance . 28 2.4.2. Languages. 30 2.5. Prehistory. 32 2.5.1. Migration . 32 2.5.2. The “Stone Cutters” . 33 2.5.3. The Potters . 34 2.5.4. The colonisation of South-east Celebes . 35 2.6. Summary of prehistory. 37 2.7. Modern Times; continuing migration . 38 2.8. Tomoronene. 39 2.9. Development of the Social Structure. 41 2.9.1. The oldest dichotomy. 41 2.9.2. From reality to myth. 42 2.9.3. Tolaki nobility . 46 2.9.4. Middle groups . 48 2.9.5. The ata of the Tolaki . 49 1 2.10. Nobility, free citizens and slaves among the Tomoronene . 50 3. Political and administrative history . 53 3.1. The East . 53 3.1.1. Mekongga, Konawe, Laiwoi. Internal relations. 53 3.1.2. The first heads of Konawe . 54 3.1.3. Politics and administration. 55 3.1.4. External relations. Demarcation. 56 3.1.5. Political and military weakness . 57 3.1.6. The rise of Ranome’eto . 58 3.1.7. Vosmaer, Bugis and others in Ranome’eto.. 60 3.1.8. Developments after Vosmaer. 61 3.1.9. Lamango. 62 3.1.10. Konawe and Luwuq. 63 3.1.11. Laiwoi and the government . 65 3.1.11.1. The second half of the nineteenth century . 65 3.1.11.2. 1906-1942 . 66 3.1.11.3. Semi-autonomy. Conflict between Konawe and Ranome’eto. 68 3.1.11.4. The districts up to 1945. Government reforms and resistance. 71 3.1.11.5. Administrative redistribution. 74 3.2. The west . 77 3.2.1. Political relations. Luwuq . 77 3.2.2. Luwuq’s sphere of influence in South-east Celebes. 78 3.2.3. Luwuq: tribute and trade; Bugis. 79 3.2.4. Luwuq, Mekongga and the government. 81 3.2.5. The Tomekongga and others . 81 3.2.6. The heads of Mekongga . 83 3.2.7. Mekongga and Luwuq after 1900. 84 3.2.8. Kolaka . 85 3.2.9. Changes of administration; Luwuq’s influence . 87 3.2.9.1. Demographic relations in Mekongga. 87 3.2.9.2. A solution. 87 3.2.9.3. The succession of Latambaga . 89 3.3. The south-west. 89 2 3.3.1. Two kada . 89 3.3.2. Munara in Rumbia . 92 3.3.3. “Poleang is a large assembly of scum”. 93 3.3.4. Couvreur: a federation . 94 3.4. Japanese times and after, 1942-1950. ..