INPUT TO THE REVIEW OF THE CTI-CFF REGIONAL PLAN OF ACTION CONTEXT PAPER: MARINE AND OCEAN ISSUES IN THE PACIFIC Report by David Sheppard September 2018 Prepared for: CTI RPOA Review Committee PT HATFIELD INDONESIA . LIPI Building, 3rd Floor, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 18, Bogor 16122, Indonesia . Tel: +62 (251) 8324 487; Fax: +62 (251) 8340 414 . www.hatfieldgroup.com INPUT TO THE REVIEW OF THE CTI-CFF REGIONAL PLAN OF ACTION CONTEXT PAPER: MARINE AND OCEAN ISSUES IN THE PACIFIC Report by David Sheppard Prepared for: CTI RPOA REVIEW COMMITTEE Prepared by: DAVID SHEPPARD for PT HATFIELD INDONESIA LIPI BUILDING 3RD FLOOR JL. IR. H. JUANDA NO. 18 BOGOR 16122 INDONESIA SEPTEMBER 2018 CTC9401 VERSION 2 LIPI Building 3rd Floor, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 18, Bogor 16122, Indonesia • Tel: +62 251 8324 487 • Fax: +62 251 8340 414 • www.hatfieldgroup.com TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE PACIFIC CONTEXT .............................................................................. 1 1.2 FUTURE TRENDS RELEVANT TO CTI-CFF ................................................ 4 2.0 OCEAN AND MARINE RESOURCES .................................................... 5 2.1 INTRODUCTION: THE PACIFIC – LARGE OCEAN ISLAND STATES ........................................................................................................ 5 2.2 FISHERIES RESOURCES AND CORAL REEFS .......................................... 6 2.3 OTHER MARINE SPECIES, INCLUDING WHALES, TURTLES AND SHARKS ..................................................................................................... 14 2.4 OTHER EMERGING ISSUES: DEEP SEA BED MINING AND TOURISM .................................................................................................... 18 3.0 OCEAN AND MARINE RESOURCES: INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCING ISSUES ............................................................................ 24 3.1 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES ............................................................................ 24 3.2 FINANCING ISSUES ................................................................................... 26 3.3 FUNDING FOR OCEAN AND MARINE PROJECTS IN THE PACIFIC ....... 28 4.0 PRIORITY SETTING FOR OCEAN AND MARINE RESOURCES ...... 36 4.1 PRIORITY SETTING FRAMEWORKS ........................................................ 36 4.2 VIEWS FROM KEY OPINION LEADERS .................................................... 39 5.0 MAIN IMPLICATIONS OF THIS REVIEW FOR THE CTI-CFF AND THE RPOA ................................................................................... 44 6.0 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................... 48 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Pacific Ocean under the Jurisdiction of World Bank member countries, Source: World Bank (2016), Tuna Fisheries Report. .................................................... 2 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A1 References and Websites Marine and Ocean Issues in the Pacific i Hatfield Indonesia LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AAMP Agence des Aires Marines Protégées - French Marine Protected Areas Agency ACP Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Countries ABNJ Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction ADB Asian Development Bank BEST Voluntary Scheme for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Territories of European Overseas Territories BIOPAMA The Biodiversity and Protected Area Management Programme CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community-based organization CC Climate change CFC Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts CFP Coastal Fisheries Program (of the SPC) CI Conservation International CITES Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species CMS Convention on Migratory Species CO2 Carbon Dioxide CRISP Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific CROP Council of Regional Organizations of the Pacific CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (World Bank/ ADB governance scoring system) CTI-CFF Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security CTMAS Coral Triangle Marine Protected Area System DEVFISH Development of Sustainable Tuna Fisheries in Pacific ACP Countries DOC Department of Conservation DSM Deep SeaMining EbA Ecosystem-based adaptation EDF European Development Fund EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EPOG Enhancing Pacific Ocean Governance EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations) FAD Fish Aggregating Devices FCAS Fragile and conflict-affected states Marine and Ocean Issues in the Pacific ii Hatfield Indonesia FFA Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency FPO Framework for the Pacific Oceanscape FPR Framework for Pacific Regionalism FSM Federated States of Micronesia FSP Full-Size Project (of the Global Environment Facility) GCCA Global Climate Change Alliance GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility OFP GEF Operational Focal Point GIZ The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit – German Development Agency for International Collaboration IDA International Development Association IFAW International Fund for Animal Welfare IFC International Finance Corporation IFP Investment Facility for the Pacific (EU) IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IUU Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing IWC International Whaling Commission JICA Japanese International Assistance Agency LDC Least Developed Countries LME Large Marine Ecosystem LMMA Locally Managed Marine Area MoU Memorandum of Understanding MPA Marine Protected Area MSC Marine Stewardship Council MSG Melanesian Spearhead Group MSP Marine Spatial Planning MSWG Marine Sector Working Group (of CROP) MT Metric Tons NAPA National Adaptation Plans of Action NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans NGO Non-Government Organization NSDS National Sustainable Development Strategies NZ-DOC New Zealand Department Of Conservation Marine and Ocean Issues in the Pacific iii Hatfield Indonesia ODA Overseas Development Assistance PACIOCEA Pacific Ocean Ecosystem Analysis Project PCCSP Pacific Climate Change Science Program PIDP Pacific Islands Development Program PIFS Pacific Islands Forum/ Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat PIPA Phoenix Island Protected Area PIPAP Pacific Islands Protected Area Portal PIROFISA Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Policy/ Framework for Integrated Strategic Action PNA/ PNAO Parties to the Nauru Agreement/ PNA Office PNG Papua New Guinea PPG Project Preparation Grant (of the Global Environment Facility) PROFISH World Bank Global Program on Fisheries PROP The World Bank Pacific Islands Regional Oceanscape Program (PROP) Project REAP Region-Wide Early Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (CTI-CFF) RFEP Regional Fisheries Enhancement Program (proposed for implementation by the World Bank) RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organization PMN Polymetallic Manganese Nodules REAP Region Wide Early Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (CTI-CFF) RPOA Regional Plan of Action for the CTI-CFF SCICOFISH Scientific Support for the Management of Coastal and Oceanic Fisheries of the Pacific Islands SCIFISH Scientific Support for the Oceanic Fisheries Management in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (EU-funded project implemented by SPC) SDG Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing States SMS Seafloor Massive Sulphides SOI Sustainable Oceans Initiative SOPAC South Pacific Bureau for Applied GeoScience (now a division of SPC) SPBCP South Pacific Biodiversity Conservation Programme SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program SPTO South Pacific Tourism Office SPWRC South Pacific Whale Research Consortium TNC The Nature Conservancy TAE Total Allowable Effort Marine and Ocean Issues in the Pacific iv Hatfield Indonesia UN United Nations UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) for the Pacific Sub- Region UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNPS UN Pacific Strategy UNWTO World Tourism Organization USA United States of America USP University of the South Pacific VDS Vessel Day Scheme WB/ WBG World Bank/ World Bank Group WCPFC Western Central Pacific Fisheries Commission WCPO Western Central Pacific Ocean WDPA World Database on Protected Areas WorldFish World Fisheries Centre WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development WWF World Wide Fund for Nature Marine and Ocean Issues in the Pacific v Hatfield Indonesia ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank all persons interviewed for this project, as outlined in Section 4.2 of this report. Also thanks are due to Lida Pet-Soede from PT Hatfield Indonesia for her guidance and support throughout this project. Finally, to all administrative staff from PT Hatfield Indonesia for support on administrative aspects of the project. Hatfield Indonesia acknowledges the Department of the Interior’s International Technical Assistance Program (DOI-ITAP) and the Coral Triangle Center (CTC) who enabled the engagement of the author of this report to contribute to a Review of the Regional Plan of Action (RPOA) of the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF). Marine and Ocean Issues in the Pacific vi Hatfield Indonesia DISTRIBUTION LIST The following individuals/firms have received this document: Name Firm Hardcopies CDs Email FTP Members of the Review Committee CTI-CFF - - - NCCs of the CTI-CFF