EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE AND SCHIZOPHRENI,A 75 5. Some Forms of Emotional Disturbance and l\4ost of the psychoanalyticobservationg dga! their Relationship to Schizophrenia in !h-is-pgpel ryi!.b9_ol- -9fr1 SL"ifilir I cJQse_{e_!ati ons !Q_ io d9-9erJonSti zati q n bu! Cineiipe from it in that they were not perceivedas disturb4pces!y-!h-g p-ati_E!! ih sl gc]1t1ype pelsoqliiiy gi,ven_tfr-e_.0ame., jas Helene Deutsch I1lXl! :9 ii ef 1 1i3"q if- I must emphasizethat this namehas nothingto do with Vaihinger's 'fictions' 'As-If.' system of and the philosophyof My oDly Le_a-s*on-lbr Sjgg Jg-u4orieinala label for the type of person I wish to present is that every attempt to understandthe way of feelingand mannerof life Psychoanalyticobservations of a few types of emotionaldisturbances of this type forces on the observerthe inescapableimpression that the are presentedin this paper,and a seriesof casesreported in which the individual's whole relationshipto life has somethingabout it which is emotionalrelationship to the outsideworld and to his own individual's -- - . J.. -_-.-. t'ilg i u *' q grg- g' a!--Ltl--i! ___._._. .lgg l-g:l il" I 9-l-g-t!ryqlqv- ry-l t clql .w-ere tlpglglr.s he d or abs e n t . Su c h di st urb ance s of t he emo t i on al gglqde]!s).Even the layman sooner or later inquires, after meeting 9g9.-1p.p_9-Ts- 'as lifelake v ari o u s foim a: F or ex ampl e, lle_Ig_qe_lUgll q! vggq!.q w h-oare such an if' patient: what is wrong with him, or her? Outwardly the not aware of their lu"_L,[ngqglg$-9g1iyg-@lds and responses,but g:rs,o'r.tlg1f normal. There is nothingto suggestany kind of disorder, whoseemotional disturbance is perceivedeither only by thosearound l behavior is not unusual, intellectualabilities appear unimpaired, them or is first detected in analytic treatment: andjhglg-arq llto_lglyho .l emotional expressionsare well ordered and appropfuLlg.p-_q_t-d,e_spite all co*gle.it_qf !t1-9llS119!isna!_de!e-ql4{'d_et_e_!99!y-91$Ie!!9dbythe I @g-"tlg intan_gibleand indefinableobtrydes dq1*"_"" it person -disturbance 'What in their inner experiences.3n_o,ltgthe latter, the ,{i$glb- .l and his fellows and invariablygives rise to the question, is and fleeting; it may recur.from tigts-.1!si!$ebut yribrtg?' @ only_tr-rconnection with ins_!t!gg!g!s and experiences;or A clever and experiencedman, a patientof mine, met anotherof my 'as it may persistand_Qry-r_a-c_o-n!i-nq_o-!ls,_dislfeASitrg sylqplgp. In addition, patients,a girl of the if type, at a socialgathering. He spentpart of the emotionaldisturbance may be perceivedas existingin the person- his next analytic hour telling me how stimulating,amusing, attractive, 'But ality or it may be projectedonto the outsideworld. In the one casethe and interestingshe was, but endedhis eulogywith, somethingis patient says,'Ig1: halged. I fej! noth lIJg,Evp rythtng __sg9rr_rq UqIgel_I-. wrong with her.' He could not explain what he meant. me.' In the ot-EdTilompfains tEat the world seemsstrange,, q-biectS When I submittedthe paintingsof the samegirl to an authority for -i+-------:- ttr{..lyt_!g14 qe_ing_selq ey:ry: tg{"q{1$.s4re-gl. rhose forms his criticismand evaluation, I wastold that the drawingsshowed much of the disturbancein which the individual himself is consciousof his skill and talent but there was also somethingdisturbing in them which 'lgpeJlg!4lization.' defect and complainsof it belongto the picture of this man attributedto an inner restraint,an inhibition which he thought This disturbancehas been describedby many authors. In the analytic could surely be removed. Towards the end of the patient's not too literaturethe readeris especiallyreferred to the studiesof Oberndorf,' successfulanalysis, she enteredthis critic's schoolfor further instruc- Schilder,2and Berglerand Eidelberg.l tion in paintingand, after a time, I receiveda report in which her teacher spokein glowingterms of her talent.Several months later I receiveda 'Oberndorf, C. P .: Depersonalization in Relation to Erotizatbn qf Tfunght. I nt. J . l'sa. , lessenthusiastic report. Yes, the girl wastalented, her teacherhad been Int. J. Psa., XVl. 1935, pp. XV, 1934, pp.27l-295; Genesisof Feeling of Unreality. impressedby the speedwith which shehad adoptedhis techniqueand 296-306 '?Schilder,P.: Treatment of Deperxtnalizarion.Bull, N. Y. Acad. Mcd., XV' 19.19. mannerof artisticperception, but, he had frankly to admit,there was pp.258-272. an intangiblesomething about her which he had neverbefore encoun- rBergler, dtr l)cpt'rxtnuli:ttiln.lnl. Ztschr' 'What 8., and Eidelberg, L.'. Der Mechnrtismtrs tered,and he ended with the usualquestion, iswrong?' He added f. Psa., XXI, 1935,pp.2-stl-28-5. (hat the girl had gone to anotherteacher, who useda quite.different 76 1930s AND 194Os EMOTIONALDISTURBANCEAND SCHIZOPHRENIA 77 teachingapproach, and that she had orientedherselfto the new theory thinking and feeling, i-9 e5pre-ssionof this pasg!_ve gd and techniquewith striking easeand speed. !!r-e n!a_s-!4i1y the personcap-able of the greatestfidelity and thg basestperfi_dy. The first impressionthese people make is of complete normality. .renders Al1]qhiec_t .W!Ido -as__?._hgge_for_identifqatio.n. At first the love, They are intellectuallyintact, gifted, and bring great understandingto 'as friendship, and attachmentof an if person have somethingvery intellectual and emotional problems; but when they pursue their not rewardingfor the partner. If it is a woman, she seemsto be the quin- infrequent impulsesto g9ltiy,._lygtk they construct, in form, a good tessenceof feminine devotion, an impressionwhich is particularlyim- piece of work but it is always a spasmodic,if ski!lgd-19ge1it-1q1-qfa partedby her passivityand readinessfor identification.Soon, however, prototype without the slightesttrace of originality. On closerobserva- the lack of real warmth brings such an emptinessand dullnessto the fion, me sameth-ing ii-seen-in ttreiiaffeAite-relationships to the envi- emotional atmospherethat the man as a rule precipitouslybreaks off ronment. These relationshipsare usually intenseand bear all the ear- the relationship.In spite of the adhesivenesswhich the 'as if person marks of friendlhD, lq5, sygp3ghy,and undeJst?nding;but even the brings to every relationship, he displays layman soon perceivessomething strange and raisesthe question he @ed 'as either a rush of affectivereactions which are if and thus spurious, cannotanswer. To the analystrt is soglsfggllbat all theserelationships or a frank absenceof Lvitv.At theverv first are devoid of any trace of warmth, that all the expressionsof emotion - are forrnal, tliat alTinner experienceis completelyexcluded. It is like the performanceof an actor who is technically well trained but who evident in the emotionallife appearalso in the moral structure.Com- lacks the necessaryspark to make his impersonationstrue to life. pletely without character, wholly unp.in"ipG[E-iiETii66-meaning Thus the essentialcharacteristic of the person I wish to describeis 'as of the term, the morals of the if individuals, their ideals, their that outwardly he conducts his life as if he possesseda completeand convictions are simply good g. bjg. sensitiveemotional capacity. To him thereis no differencebetween his lgec!,ol1g|.-1"qtlg_f95g!, Attaching themselveswith great easeto social, ethical, and religious empty forms andwhat othersactually experience. Without goingdeeper groups, they seek, by adheringto a group, to give content and reality into the matter I wish at this point to state that this condition is not to their inner emptiiffiTn?-esirblisfrEi validity of t heir ex isrenCe-Ey identical with the cold19,9s,9f i9pr9s-9q$inCivid-qll i-4-6m-Grejs , @. GTerfitnisiastii idhe.enc" ro one philosophy can 6e @![?l'_*lttgtryiil,itfeoem-oq1o-1r,ql-!iiet'iE-denbe-t-ria-da-ry111,the quickly and completelyreplaced by anothercontradictory one without loss of affect being either manifestor cloaked by overcompensations. the slightesttrace of inward transformation-simply as a resultof some In the one there is flight from reality or a defenseagainst the realization accidentalregrouping ofthe circleofacquaintances ofthe like. of forbiddeninstinctual drivesfi-the other,a seekingof externalreality A second characteristic of such patients is tlgltlgggSltllig, quite in an effort to avoid an anxietfiaden fantasifuplganalysis disclosesl . understandablefrom what hasalready been said. Like the capacityfor that in the 'as if individual it is no longer afifict of represgign-butareal F identification,this suggestibility,too, is unlike that of the hysteric for 6.. orbu.iec-iiit-[er!!. lis. rheThe apbiieiltvapparently nnormal relationshipto the world v \ -.:- '* .., -,.^ whom objectcathexis is a necessarycondition; in the 'as if individual t imitativenessand is theexpressiol of !$Sigt!L =t--,-...!--=.----.r.€eg9.notr,q.Jg"*U!9 the suggestibility be zscribed to passivity and auto:Ir-aton-like catroncatlon wlthwrth tnethe envrronment,e a mimicrywhich resultsin.an ostens-ib-ly trust . .:- <rE_ ident$cation. Uany initlal criffil acts, attributedro an eroticT6ii- good adaptationto the world of reality despitethe absenqeo:Lgble-ct age,are due insteadto a passivereadinets to be influenced. €1' * Another characteristim ttrat aggressive Further consequpncesof such a relation to life areglgryplelgly fi. tendenciesare almost completelymasked by passivity, lenffi!@r passiveattitude to the environmentwith a highly plastic readine"sto c"'gofu which,however, is readily ui-iignais from the outei-w-orldand-to mold opes-elfand, onels Gt"ltG Ff< convertibleto