INDEX INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: TRENDS & TYPOLOGIES MTTM 203 Title Page No. Block 1 International Tourism: Past, Present and Future Perspective Unit 1 Growth and Development of Tourism through the Ages; 3-26 Emergence of Modern Concept of Tourism Unit 2 Contemporary Trends in International Tourism – Global 27-49 Tourist Traffic and Tourism Receipt Patterns Unit 3 Emerging Tourist Demand Patterns –Eco, Ethnic, 50-71 Adventure, MICE, Medical and Well-being Tourism Unit 4 Regional Gap in Tourism and the Dynamically Changing 72-86 Market-Destination Trends Block 2 International Tourism in SAARC Region with Special Reference to India Unit 5 Key Global Tourism Markets 87-125 Unit 6 Leading Destination Countries and Regions of the World 126-160 Unit 7 International Tourism in SARRC Region 161-176 Unit 8 Geographic, Demographic and Psychographic 177-194 Segmentation of Effective and Potential Tourism Markets of India Unit 9 India’s Performance in International Tourism – A Critical 195-210 Assessments Block 3 Role and Contribution of Leading Organizations in Promotion of Tourism Unit 10 WTO 211-226 Unit 11 WTTC and TTRA 227-238 Unit 12 PATA and OECD 239-253 Unit 13 DOT (India) 254-270 Uttarakhand Open University 1 INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: TRENDS & TYPOLOGIES MTTM 203 Block 4 Some Key Perspectives of International Tourism Unit 14 Tourism Measurement – Procedure, Need, Scope and 271-286 Constraints Unit 15 Dynamics of Tourist Demands and Tourist Traffic Trends 287-302 in Future Perspective Unit 16 Tourism and Globalization: Inter-relationship, Scope and 303-316 Implications. Unit 17 Factors Affecting International Tourism and Need for 317-340 Effective Crisis Management Uttarakhand Open University 2 INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: TRENDS & TYPOLOGIES MTTM 203 UNIT 1: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM THROUGH THE AGES; EMERGENCE OF MODERN CONCEPT OF TOURISM Structure 1.1 Objectives. 1.2 Introduction. 1.3 Travel at different ages 1.4 Origin of Travel Agency 1.5 Beginning of Leisure 1.6 Defining tourism 1.7 Importance of Tourism Business 1.8 Different definitions of tourism 1.9 Typology of tourism 1.10 Domestic & International Tourism 1.11 Let Us Sum Up 1.12 Clues to Answers 1.1 Objectives After studying this Unit you will be able to understand the: Development of travel through ages ; To learn about the concept of Holidaying. To understand the concept of tourism ; To understand the Importance of Tourism Business; To understand the Definitions of tourism, typology of tourism; To understand the Relationship between Leisure, Recreation and Tourism. Uttarakhand Open University 3 INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: TRENDS & TYPOLOGIES MTTM 203 1.2 Introduction Travel has existed since the beginning of time when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances, in search of food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have traveled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also traveled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the dark ages, has continued to grow, and throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilizations. Tourism as we know it today is distinctly a twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signaled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry, tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities, but it also produced a means of earning foreign exchange. Tourism today has grown significantly with both economic and social importance. The fastest growing economic sector of most industrialized countries over the past several years has been in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognized as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), 'Travel and Tourism’ is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measures including; gross output, value added, capital investment, employment and tax contribution. However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden or obscured its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both Uttarakhand Open University 4 INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: TRENDS & TYPOLOGIES MTTM 203 analysts and decision-makers. Moreover, in all nations, this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities. Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalized way of life for most of the world's middleclass population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many world nations, and for a significant number of other countries it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie (1991), quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in Australia, the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and United States. Because of problems of definition which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism. Apart from the foreign exchange and employment problem, tourism also makes a tremendous contribution to the improvement of social and political understanding. Travel in different countries fosters a better rapport between people of various tocks. Personal international contacts have always be an important way of spreading ideas about other culture. Thus tourism is an important means of promoting cultural exchanges and international co-operation (Jayapalan 2001). 1.3 Travel at different Ages During a million years, changes in climate, dwindling food supplies or hostile invaders alone made the people leave their homes to seek refuge elsewhere. Perhaps, it was the invention of the wheel, about five thousand years ago, which made travel possible followed by the invention of money by the Sumerians (Babylonia) that led to the development of trade and the beginning of a new era. The Phoenicians were probably the first real travellers in the modern sense as they went from place to place as travellers and traders. Almost at the same time, trade and travel developed in India where the wheel and money were already known at the time of the Mohenjo-daro civilization, 3,500 years ago. Traditions of travel in India are, perhaps, the oldest in the world, the motive being primarily Uttarakhand Open University 5 INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: TRENDS & TYPOLOGIES MTTM 203 religion or trade. The great sages of the past retired to the Himalayas in the North or to the dense jungles of the South to meditate or set up their Ashrams (hermitages), which really were schools or universities of learning. As early as the third millennium B.C., Egypt was a popular place for people from the then known world. The Babylonian King Shulgi who ruled Egypt 4,000 years ago is said to have boasted that he protected roads, built gardens and rest houses for respectable travellers. The Bible describes these ideas in the following words: “Many shall run to and fro and knowledge shall be increased”. The ancient Greeks traveled short distances in small boats. Jason and the legendary Argonauts built a large ship to search for the Golden Fleece undaunted by dangers described in Homer’s Odyssey. Herodotus, in 5th century B.C., toured Phoenicia, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Greece and the Black Sea and recorded the history, customs, traditions and practices of the people living in these areas. Philosophers – Thales, Pythagoras and Plato – all traveled to Egypt. Aristotle visited Asia Monor