EFFECTIVENESS OF ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMME IN PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE MAASAI COMMUNITY IN ARUSHA DISTRICT COUNCIL -TANZANIA Einoth Francis Mollel Thesis Submitted to the Post Graduate Studies in Education in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the award of Master’s Degree in Education Administration and Planning THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA 2019 DECLARATION i DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Mollel family and to Friederike who have been very dear to me during my academic journey. ii ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of adult education in the promoting development among Maasai community in Rural District of Arusha, Tanzania. Four research questions guided the study: How does adult education programme promote development among Maasai community in Arusha DC? What is the attitude of the people towards the implementation of adult education programme in promoting development among Maasai community in Arusha district council? What are the challenges facing the implementation of adult education programme in Arusha District council? What suggestions can be put forward to ensure effective implementation of adult education programme to promote development among the Maasai community in Arusha District council? The study was anchored in . Andragoyg theory of adult learning. The study was guided by the Convergent Parallel Mixed Method Design. The target population was all educational officers, adult educators and adult learners in the rural district of Arusha. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select the study participants. Questionnaires and interview guide were used to collect data. Research instruments were subjected to both content and face validity. Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient technique was used to test reliability for quantitative data and credibility dependability for qualitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 23 to generate frequencies and percentages that summarized data and presented using tables. Qualitative was analyzed using content analysis based on themes and presented in narratives and direct quotes. Key findings showed that adult literacy has been effective in economic development whereby learners acquired skills that enabled them to start income generating activities. Adult literacy improved learners’ social development by enabling learners to communicate and interact well in social activities. Literacy equipped the community with knowledge of the dangers of female genital mutilation and other harmful traditional practices which are being eradicated gradually. The study concluded that adult literacy is very effective in economic, social, cultural and political development. Negative attitude towards adult education, inadequate funding from the government, domestic work load and age disparity hindered effective implementation of adult education programmes. The study recommended that government provides instructional materials (modules), equipment and library services for adult learners. Instil positive attitudes towards education through guidance and counselling for men to accept female teachers. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank God for the gift of life, wisdom and strength to pursue this academic work and for his care to me. My sincere gratitude to all my family members who have been supportive during my studies. A special thanks to Most Vulnerable Children Programme and Partnerchaft fur Africa from whom I received all the financial resources and advice to pursue my studies. May God bless you with abundant returns. Special thanks for the support I received from the entire CUEA community during my Masters Programme, particularly my supervisors Sir Prof. Marcella Momanyi and Mrs. Florence Ateka who have been helping me with academic guidance. I also appreciate my colleagues with whom I shared and interacted during classes especially Frida Kemunto, Leonard Ndambuki, Linda Kiven, John Kariuki, Patrick Phiri and Richard Safari. May you be successful in your various academic and professional journey. An advanced thanks to all the participants in this study, the education officers, educators and adult learners in Arusha district, Tanzania. May you all receive God blessing. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION...............................................................................................................................i DEDICATION................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ......................................................................ix ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the study .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ....................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................................ 17 1.4 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................................... 18 1.5 Scope and Delimitation of the Study ..................................................................................... 19 1.6 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................................... 19 1.7 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................................... 24 1.8 Operational Definitions of Key Terms .................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER TWO:REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................... 35 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 35 2.2 Critical Review of Theories ................................................................................................... 35 2.3 Review of Empirical Studies ................................................................................................. 39 2.3.1 Adult Education Effectiveness in Promoting Development ............................................... 40 2.3.2 Maasai Community Attitude Towards Adult Education Programme ................................. 54 2.3.3 Challenges Facing the Implementation of Adult Education Programme ........................... 58 2.3.4 Suggestions to Ensure Effective Implementation of Adult Education Programme ............ 66 2.4 Summary of Reviewed literature and identification Knowledge Gap ................................... 71 CHAPTER THREE:RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 73 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 73 3.2 Locale of the Study ................................................................................................................ 73 3.3 Research Design .................................................................................................................... 73 3.4 Target Population of the Study .............................................................................................. 76 3.5 Sample and Sampling Procedures .......................................................................................... 76 v 3.5.1 Sampling of Adult Learners ........................................................................................ ... 76 3.5.2 Sampling of Adult Educators ...................................................................................... ... 77 3.5.3 Sampling of Education officers .................................................................................. ... 77 3.6 Description of Research Instruments ..................................................................................... 78 3.6.1 Questionnaire .............................................................................................................. ... 78 3.6.2 Interview Guide for Learners and Education Officers ................................................ ... 79 3.7 Validity, Pilot Testing and Reliability of Research Instruments ........................................... 79 3.7.2 Pilot Testing of Research Instruments ........................................................................ ... 80 3.7.3 Reliability of Quantitative Data Collection Instruments ............................................ ... 80 3.8 Data Collection Procedures ..................................................................................................