Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC ) Malnutrition in the OIC Member Countries: A Trap for Poverty COMCEC COORDINATION OFFICE March 2017 Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC) Malnutrition in the OIC Member Countries: A Trap for Poverty COMCEC COORDINATION OFFICE March 2017 This report has been commissioned by the COMCEC Coordination Office to the Institute of Development Studies (IDS). The authors of the report are Dr. Jean-Pierre Tranchant, Dr. Catherine Mueller, Dr. Rajith Lakshman, Ms. Jessica Meeker and Ms. Katherine Pittore. Views and opinions expressed in the report are solely those of the authors and do not represent the official views of the COMCEC Coordination Office or the Member Countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The final version of the report is available at the COMCEC website.* Excerpts from the report can be made as long as references are provided. All intellectual and industrial property rights for the report belong to the COMCEC Coordination Office. This report is for individual use and it shall not be used for commercial purposes. Except for purposes of individual use, this report shall not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including printing, photocopying, CD recording, or by any physical or electronic reproduction system, or translated and provided to the access of any subscriber through electronic means for commercial purposes without the permission of the COMCEC Coordination Office. For further information please contact: COMCEC Coordination Office Necatibey Caddesi No:110/A 06100 Yücetepe Ankara/TURKEY Phone: 90 312 294 57 10 Fax: 90 312 294 57 77 Web: www.comcec.org *E-book: http://ebook.comcec.org Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5 1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Short History of the International View of Malnutrition ................................................... 8 1.2. Global Targets ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3. Forms of Malnutrition and Intergenerational Transmission of Malnutrition ........ 13 1.4. Determinants of Malnutrition ................................................................................................... 16 1.5. Best Practices to Address Malnutrition ................................................................................. 18 1.6. Measures of Child Malnutrition ................................................................................................ 23 2. MALNUTRITION IN THE OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES ...................................................... 24 2.1. Current Level of Malnutrition in the OIC Member Countries ........................................ 24 2.2. Trends of Malnutrition in the OIC Member Countries ..................................................... 25 2.3. Malnutrition and Poverty in the OIC Member Countries ................................................ 35 2.4. Risk Factors of Malnutrition in the OIC Member Countries........................................... 44 2.5. Short and Long Term Political, Social and Economic Consequences of Malnutrition in the OIC Member Countries.......................................................................... 47 2.6. Regional Policies Related to Malnutrition for the OIC Member Countries .............. 49 2.7. Effects of Climate Change and Natural Disasters in the OIC Member Countries ............................................................................................................................................ 62 3. CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................................ 65 3.1. Senegal ................................................................................................................................................ 69 3.2. Egypt .................................................................................................................................................... 81 3.3. Indonesia ........................................................................................................................................... 94 3.4. Bangladesh ......................................................................................................................................104 3.5. Tajikistan .........................................................................................................................................114 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................ 128 4.1. Key Messages .................................................................................................................................128 4.2. Key Recommendations ...............................................................................................................131 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 135 ANNEXES ......................................................................................................................................... 144 i List of Figures Figure 1: Number and Proportion of Undernourished People in Developing Regions ................................... 10 Figure 2: Proportion of Undernourished People by Region (%) .............................................................................. 11 Figure 3: UNICEF Conceptual Framework of Undernutrition .................................................................................... 17 Figure 4: Prevalence of Wasting in OIC and non-OIC Countries, 1990/94 - 2010/16 ..................................... 26 Figure 5: Prevalence of Wasting in OIC and non-OIC Countries, 1990/94 - 2010/16. Developing Countries Only ................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 Figure 6: Prevalence of Stunting in OIC and non-OIC Countries, 1990/94 - 2010/16 .................................... 28 Figure 7: Prevalence of stunting in OIC and non-OIC countries, 1990/94 - 2010/16, Developing Countries Only ................................................................................................................................................................................ 29 Figure 8: Prevalence of Overweight in OIC and non-OIC Countries, 1990/94 - 2010/16.............................. 30 Figure 9: Prevalence of Overweight in OIC and Non-OIC Countries, 1990/94 - 2010/16, Developing Countries Only ................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 10: Prevalence of Anaemia in OIC and Non-OIC Countries, 1990/94 - 2010/16 ................................ 32 Figure 11: Prevalence of Anaemia in OIC and Non-OIC Countries, 1990/94 - 2010/16, Developing Countries Only ................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 12: Wasting and Poverty Rate in the OIC Member Countries ...................................................................... 35 Figure 13: Wasting and Poverty Headcount, non-OIC countries .............................................................................. 36 Figure 14: Wasting and Poverty Headcount, Non-OIC Countries (zoom on low poverty, low wasting countries) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 15: Stunting and Poverty Rate, OIC countries ..................................................................................................... 38 Figure 16: Stunting and Poverty Rate, Non-OIC countries .......................................................................................... 39 Figure 17: Overweight and Poverty, OIC Countries ........................................................................................................ 40 Figure 18: Overweight and Poverty Headcount, non-OIC Countries....................................................................... 41 Figure 19: Anaemia and Poverty Headcount, OIC Countries ...................................................................................... 42 Figure 20: Anaemia and Poverty Headcount, non-OIC Countries............................................................................. 43 Figure 21: Malnutrition in Senegal at a Glance ................................................................................................................. 69 Figure 22: Evolution of Child Malnutrition in Senegal between 1986 and 2014 ............................................... 72 Figure 23: Evolution of Wasting in Senegal between 2005 and 2011, by Wealth