MASARYK UNVIVERSITY FACULTY OF INFORMATICS Data collection and processing from distributed system of wireless sensors MASTER THESIS Kawa Haji Mahmoud Brno, 2013 Declaration Hereby I declare that this paper is my original authorial work, which I have worked out by my own. All sources, references and literature used or excerpted during elaboration of this work are properly cited and listed in complete reference to the due source. Advisor:RNDr. ZdeněkMatěj i Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor prof. Ing. VáclavPřenosil, CSc. and the adviser of my master thesis RNDr. ZdeněkMatěj, for their valuable comments, suggestions and time they spent on helping me with this work. ii Abstract ZigBee protocol is one of the most common protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) oflow bandwidth, low cost, high level of security, and low power consumption. This protocol supports mesh, tree, cluster tree and peer-to-peer topologies. In multi-hop mesh topology, ZigBee defines three type of devices; coordinator, router and end devices. Routers consume much more power than end device nodes. In this work, we perform some measurements to estimate the power consumption of the XBee-Pro S2B module which supports ZigBee protocol. We measure the power consumption in different operational modes for coordinator, router and end device. XBee-Pro S2B supports five transmit power levels. We measure the power consumption at every transmit power level. Additionally, we measure the coverage range of XBee-Pro S2B in indoor and outdoor scenarios in real life conditions. This measurement is also carried out at different transmit powers. In our experiments, we use some development kits such as XBIB-R-DEVfor range test and some supported tools for XBee modules such as X-CTU. In order to design our network and carry out the measurements, we implement an embedded temperature wireless sensor node using a PIC microcontroller utilizing XBee-Pro S2B module. We intensively study the architecture of WSN and its requirements. We analyze some of the available technologies including ZigBee technology. We intensively study the analysis of ZigBee and XBee power consumption in related works. Later in this thesis we analyze our measurement results and we discuss the tradeoff between power consumption, and at different transmit power levels and device types with signal outage in real life conditions. iii Keywords ZigBee, XBee, XBee modules, XBee-Pro S2B, wireless sensor network, WSN, measurements, power consumption, transmit power levels, topology, coverage range, RSSI, indoor, outdoor. iv Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2 Wireless Sensor Network Architecture and requirements ................................................ 3 2.1 Types of applications ................................................................................................. 3 2.1.1 Event detection applications .............................................................................. 3 2.1.2 Periodic Applications ......................................................................................... 3 2.2 Requirements for wireless sensor networks ............................................................... 4 2.3 Power Consumption in WSNs ................................................................................... 5 2.4 Power management and energy efficiency ................................................................ 6 2.5 WSN Architectural issues .......................................................................................... 7 2.5.1 Frequency of Radio ............................................................................................ 8 2.5.2 Network Topology ........................................................................................... 12 2.5.3 Routing Protocols ............................................................................................ 13 2.5.4 MAC Protocols ................................................................................................ 15 2.6 Operating Systems ................................................................................................... 16 2.6.1 TinyOS ............................................................................................................. 16 2.6.2 Contiki ............................................................................................................. 17 3 Technology...................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol ........................................................................................... 18 3.2 ZigBee Protocol ....................................................................................................... 21 3.3 DigiMesh Protocol ................................................................................................... 22 3.4 XBee ........................................................................................................................ 24 3.4.1 XBee and ZigBee importance and power consumption ................................... 24 3.4.2 XBee S2B vs. XBee-PRO S2B ........................................................................ 27 3.4.3 XBee addresses and channels .......................................................................... 27 3.4.4 XBee Operation Modes ................................................................................... 29 3.4.5 AT communication mode ................................................................................ 32 v 3.4.6 API communication mode ............................................................................... 33 4 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 35 4.1 X-CTU Software ...................................................................................................... 35 4.2 XBee Setup .............................................................................................................. 37 4.3 Implementing an Embedded Wireless Sensor Node ................................................ 38 4.3.1 DS18B20 Temperature Sensor ........................................................................ 38 4.3.2 Microcontroller ................................................................................................ 39 4.3.3 Voltage regulator ............................................................................................. 40 4.3.4 XBee ................................................................................................................ 41 4.3.5 Software description ........................................................................................ 41 4.4 XBee ZigBee network setup .................................................................................... 42 4.5 Power measuring circuit .......................................................................................... 43 4.6 Coverage Range ....................................................................................................... 43 4.6.1 Indoor ............................................................................................................... 44 4.6.2 Outdoor ............................................................................................................ 44 5 Measurements Results ..................................................................................................... 45 5.1 XBee power consumption ........................................................................................ 45 5.1.1 XBee coordinator ............................................................................................. 45 5.1.2 XBee Router .................................................................................................... 46 5.1.3 XBee end device .............................................................................................. 47 5.2 Coverage Range Test ............................................................................................... 50 5.2.1 Indoor ............................................................................................................... 51 5.2.2 Outdoor ............................................................................................................ 52 6 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 54 6.1 XBee-Pro S2B ZigBee coverage range and power consumption ............................ 54 6.2 Choosing network topology ..................................................................................... 54 6.3 Further work ............................................................................................................ 55 vi 7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 56 References ........................................................................................................................... 58 List of Figures Figure ‎2-1 Architecture of a sensor node [3]. ............................................................................ 8 Figure ‎2-2 The power distribution in a commercial WSN chip [12]. ....................................... 9 Figure ‎2-3 the main specifications of several commercial RF chips common used in WSN