Optimization of Phosphorus-Based Corrosion Control Chemicals Using a Comprehensive Perspective of Water Quality Project #4586 Optimization of Phosphorus- Based Corrosion Control Chemicals Using a Comprehensive Perspective of Water Quality ©2017 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED About the Water Research Foundation The Water Research Foundation (WRF) is a member-supported, international, 501(c)3 research cooperative that advances the science of water to protect public health and the environment. Governed by utilities, WRF delivers scientifically sound research solutions and knowledge to serve our subscribers in all areas of drinking water, wastewater, stormwater, and reuse. Our subscribers guide our work in almost every way—from planning our research agenda to executing research projects and delivering results. This partnership ensures that our research addresses real-world challenges. 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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DISCLAIMER This study was jointly funded by the Water Research Foundation (WRF) and Water Environment & Reuse Foundation (WE&RF). WRF and WE&RF assume no responsibility for the content of the research study reported in this publication or for the opinions or statements of fact expressed in the report. The mention of trade names for commercial products does not represent or imply the approval or endorsement of WRF or WE&RF. This report is presented solely for informational purposes. Copyright © 2017 by Water Research Foundation ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or otherwise utilized without permission. ISBN 978-1-60573-313-5 Printed in the U.S.A. ©2017 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xix FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................ xxvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... xxix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... xxxi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 History of Phosphorus-Based Chemicals in Drinking Water ............................................. 1 A Fundamental Perspective of Lead and Copper Corrosion .............................................. 2 Environmental Impact of Phosphorus ................................................................................. 3 Exploring the Role of Phosphorus in Drinking Water Systems ......................................... 4 CHAPTER 2: PARTICIPATING WATER SYSTEMS ................................................................. 5 Water System Descriptions ................................................................................................. 6 Municipal Lake Michigan Systems ........................................................................ 6 Municipal Groundwater Systems ............................................................................ 8 Campus Groundwater Systems ............................................................................. 10 Water System Configurations ........................................................................................... 11 Lead and Copper Rule Compliance Data .......................................................................... 20 Water System Timelines ................................................................................................... 28 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3: RESIDENTIAL PROFILE SAMPLING............................................................... 39 Flowing Water Characteristics .......................................................................................... 41 Lead Concentrations in Residential Profiles ..................................................................... 41 Copper Concentrations in Residential Profiles ................................................................. 46 Other Metals’ Concentrations in Residential Profiles ...................................................... 46 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 4: DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DISINFECTION CONCENTRATIONS AND TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS ................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 5: DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM MONITORING TECHNIQUE ................................ 77 Distribution System Sampling Strategies ......................................................................... 77 Sample Everywhere .............................................................................................. 77 Sample Critical Buildings ..................................................................................... 77 Sample a Network of Sites over the Distribution System..................................... 78 Sample for the Extreme Scenarios ........................................................................ 78 Combining Strategies ............................................................................................ 79 Types of Water Samples ................................................................................................... 79 Batch Reactors ...................................................................................................... 79 v ©2017 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Stagnating Water Samples .................................................................................... 79 Flowing Water Samples ........................................................................................ 82 The Metal Surface Dilemma ............................................................................................. 84 Water Quality Parameters ................................................................................................. 85 Monitoring Frequency ...................................................................................................... 87 Project #4586 Monitoring Plan ......................................................................................... 87 Sampling Sites ...................................................................................................... 87 Water Quality Parameters ..................................................................................... 88 Monitoring Frequency .......................................................................................... 88 Monitoring Station Operating and Sampling Protocols ........................................ 88 Monitoring Schedules ........................................................................................... 92 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................... 92 Data Management ................................................................................................. 92 Time Series Graphs ............................................................................................... 93 Shaded Area Graphs ............................................................................................. 93 Shewhart Control Charts