Motorcycle Safety and Intelligent Transportation Systems Gap Analysis Final Report www.its.dot.gov/index.htm Final Report — October 2018 FHWA-JPO-18-700 Cover Photo Source: iStockphoto.com Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The U.S. Government is not endorsing any manufacturers, products, or services cited herein and any trade name that may appear in the work has been included only because it is essential to the contents of the work. Technical Report Documentation Page 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-JPO-18-700 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Motorcycle Safety and Intelligent Transportation Systems Gap Analysis, Final Report October 2018 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Erin Flanigan, Katherine Blizzard, Aldo Tudela Rivadeneyra, Robert Campbell 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 3 Bethesda Metro Center, Suite 1200 Bethesda, MD 20814 11. Contract or Grant No. DTFH61-12-D-00042 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report, August 2014 to April 2017 FHWA Office of Operations (FHWA HOP) 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 14. Sponsoring Agency Code FHWA HOP 15. Supplementary Notes Government Task Manager: Jeremy Gunderson, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 16. Abstract Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) present an array of promising ways to improve motorcycle safety. While ITS technologies have predominantly targeted automobiles and commercial vehicles, little has been done to specifically address motorcycles or motorcycle safety. To help rectify this, this project surveyed a wide range of ITS technologies with potential relevance to motorcycles; analyzed each technology’s current relevance to motorcycles and potential to improve motorcycle safety; and then further investigated those technologies with strong potential to improve motorcycle safety. The project employed a two-pronged methodology in its survey of ITS technologies, consisting of (1) a comprehensive literature review of over 40 categories of ITS with potential relevance to motorcycles and (2) interviews with leading practitioners representing a cross section of the motorcycle industry and community. The literature review and the practitioner interviews each revealed a series of trends and gaps in the current state of research on motorcycle safety and ITS, which are documented and discussed in this report. The project then synthesized these trends and gaps to determine the overall trends and gaps, as well as the opportunities to advance ITS technology for motorcycle safety. These opportunities were translated into two types of recommendations for action: (1) recommended areas of research and (2) recommended strategies to advance both these areas of research and the overall field of ITS for motorcycle safety. The recommended areas of research include: synergizing ITS technology and implementation with the already successful technology of antilock braking systems (ABS) in motorcycles; rider-motorcycle interfaces; motorcycle safety data (including preparations to take full advantage of big data moving forward); applied research and assessments of safety benefits; and the harmonization of ITS technologies and standards (e.g., interoperable connected vehicles). The recommended strategies include: actively promote research on motorcycle ITS and explore synergies with closely related research; engage the motorcycle community and general public to improve the design and acceptance of motorcycle ITS; embrace upcoming technology (particularly connected vehicles and big data applications); and collaborate with all sectors and stakeholders to promote ITS harmonization and widespread implementation. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Motorcycle; safety; Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS); No restrictions adaptive front lighting; daytime running lights; advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS); antilock braking systems (ABS); collision warning and avoidance systems; curve speed warning, electronic stability programs; inter-vehicle communication systems; motorcycle detection systems; connected vehicles; rider acceptance 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 209 N/A Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................... 1 OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 1 PRACTITIONER INTERVIEWS ............................................................................... 4 OVERALL TRENDS AND GAPS IN INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FOR MOTORCYCLE SAFETY ............................................................................... 5 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................... 10 PROJECT OVERVIEW ....................................................................................... 10 REVIEW OF SAFETY ISSUES RELATED TO MOTORCYCLES ................................ 11 REVIEW OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ..................................... 13 POTENTIAL ITS APPLICATIONS FOR MOTORCYCLES ........................................ 15 THE ROLE OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ........................... 19 Literature Review .......................................................................................... 21 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 21 LITERATURE REVIEW SYNTHESIS ..................................................................... 22 LITERATURE REVIEW—TRENDS ...................................................................... 31 LITERATURE REVIEW—GAPS .......................................................................... 32 Practitioner Interviews ................................................................................. 35 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 35 PRACTITIONERS INTERVIEWS SYNTHESIS ........................................................ 35 PRACTITIONERS INTERVIEWS—THEMES .......................................................... 37 Motorcycle Safety and ITS—Overall Trends ............................................. 39 CONSENSUS THAT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS CAN IMPROVE MOTORCYCLE SAFETY..................................................................................... 39 NEED FOR TAILORED SOLUTIONS .................................................................... 39 INCREASE IN CONNECTIVITY ............................................................................ 39 BUNDLING TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................................. 40 NOT JUST IMPROVE SAFETY, IMPROVE RIDING EXPERIENCE ........................... 40 Motorcycle Safety and ITS—Overall Gaps ................................................ 41 MOTORCYCLE SAFETY DATA............................................................................ 41 MULTI-SECTOR COLLABORATION AND THE HARMONIZATION OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................ 41 ACCEPTABILITY AND CUSTOMIZATION OF MOTORCYCLE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................ 42 ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY BENEFITS ................................................................ 42 RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES .................................................................. 43 PRIVACY .......................................................................................................... 43 Recommendations ....................................................................................... 44 RECOMMENDED AREAS OF RESEARCH............................................................ 44 RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS GAPS AND NEEDS ........................ 45 NEXT STEPS .................................................................................................... 46 Appendix A. Literature Review—Workbook Documentation .................. 48 THE SUMMARY SHEET ..................................................................................... 48 THE RESULTS BY TOPIC ................................................................................... 48 PROCESS FOR POPULATING THE NUMBERED WORKSHEETS WITH RESULTS (DETAILED METHODOLOGY) ............................................................................. 49 Appendix B. Detailed Literature by Topic Area ......................................... 52 ADAPTIVE FRONT LIGHTING AND DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS ........................... 52 ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS ..................................................... 59 ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM ..........................................................................