I shall find you quite an Englishman? Hendrik Albert Schultens 1749–1793 and Learning English as a Second Language in the Eighteenth Century by Emma Kastelein Supervised by Prof. I.M. Tieken-Boon van Ostade Second reader: Prof. M.J. van der Wal Research Master Linguistics thesis, Leiden University, The Netherlands September 2014 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 2. A Short Biography of the Schultens Family ...................................................................... 5 3. Description of the Corpus ................................................................................................ 12 4. Brief Summary of Background Literature ....................................................................... 17 4.1. The auxiliary do ......................................................................................................... 17 4.2. Participial -ing clauses ............................................................................................... 21 4.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 23 5. Letter Writing in Eighteenth-Century England ................................................................ 24 6. Second Language Learning of English in the Eighteenth-Century Netherlands ............. 29 7. Linguistic Analysis of the Hendrik Albert Schultens English Letter Collection ............. 35 7.1. The auxiliary do ......................................................................................................... 35 7.1.1. Do-less sentences ............................................................................................... 36 7.1.2. Sentences with do ............................................................................................... 39 7.1.3. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 41 7.2. Participial -ing clauses ............................................................................................... 42 7.3. Concluding remarks ................................................................................................... 47 8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 48 References ................................................................................................................................ 50 Notes on the Transcriptions ...................................................................................................... 52 Appendix A .............................................................................................................................. 54 References .......................................................................................................................... 100 Appendix B ............................................................................................................................ 101 Appendix C ............................................................................................................................ 103 Appendix D ............................................................................................................................ 107 Appendix E ............................................................................................................................. 109 1 1. Introduction This thesis focuses on the proficiency in the English language of Hendrik Albert Schultens (1749–1793), a third-generation Dutch scholar in oriental languages who travelled to England in 1772 for scholarly purposes. From personal letters that have come down to us, we know that he was able to read, write, speak and understand English, which was not very common at the time. The Leiden University Library keeps thirty-eight letters in English of Schultens, which I will call the Hendrik Albert Schultens English Letter Collection. The collection contains thirty-five ‘in-letters’, i.e. letters from his British acquaintances addressed to Schultens; and three letters written by Schultens, which Baker (1980: 29) calls ‘out-letters’. The in-letters can be subdivided into formal notes (Letters 8 and 31 by Jones and White) and letters proper. According to Tieken-Boon van Ostade (2011: 149), formal notes can be distinguished from letters by a number of features, such as the size of the sheet on which they are written, their corresponding shortness and terse style, the absence of the opening and closing formulas that are typical of letters and of a signature, and the lack of features expressing personal involvement, like the use of first and second person pronouns singular, of intensifiers such as very, and of so-called private verbs like those in I think and I hope. As part of the present thesis, the thirty-eight in-letters were transcribed (their transcripts are presented in Appendix A) and analysed in order to determine to what degree Schultens mastered the English language, which is the main objective of this thesis. In this sense, this thesis consists of two parts: an edition of the Hendrik Albert Schultens Letter Collection and a study of the proficiency in the English language of Schultens. To analyse Schultens’s proficiency in English I take Tieken-Boon van Ostade (2011) as a model. She collected personal letters of Robert Lowth (1710-1787), on the basis of which she analysed his social network and then studied the language of the author on several points. In her 2006 article, she explained that determining the relationship between correspondents is key to being able to study a writer’s full sociolinguistic competence (2006: 231). Following the model, I too will analyse Schultens’s background and then study his language. I will do so by focusing on two points: his use and non-use of the auxiliary do (i) and his use of participial -ing clauses (ii). In the eighteenth century, the auxiliary do was undergoing change. Tieken-Boon van Ostade (1987) identified ten types of constructions of do, used in eighteenth-century English which no longer exist in present-day English. Before the end of the eighteenth century, most 2 of the ten constructions identified, ceased to occur frequently in the English language, or to exist altogether. In such changing circumstances, it may be challenging for a second language learner to get a grip on the usage. A comparison between the pattern of usage of a second language learner and that of native speakers of that language, then, becomes all the more interesting. In section 7.1 I will compare Schultens’s use of do with what I found in the letters by his British correspondents to determine whether his written English follows the pattern of that of his British contemporaries. Compared to the language of Schultens’s correspondents in general, Schultens used a lot of non-finite clauses with participial -ing, of which the sentence in (1) is an example. (1) Our bookseller Le Mair has desired me to ask you, if you would make an exchange of 50 or 100 copies of your Claris with such books as you’ll desire amounting to the same value. (Letter 28, page 2, lines 7-9) In section 7.2, after a comparison between Schultens’s use of participial -ing clauses and that of his correspondents, I will reflect on what this may say about Schultens’s proficiency in the English language. I will also analyse his use of being specifically, as the copula in non-finite clauses. (2) There are most certainly many students being very remarkable for their real knowledge either in languages or sciences, or in both. (Letter 27, page 2, lines 13-14) In his first English letter that has come down to us, dated 27 February 1773, there is a high frequency of this type of construction, while in his other two letters of later date, being is less frequent. My findings, together with those on the auxiliary do, will help me answer my question about the proficiency in the English language of Schultens. In the end, my research results may contribute to a better understanding of (English) second language learning in general, which is the underlying goal of this thesis. This thesis is organised as follows. Chapter 2 describes the historical background of Hendrik Albert Schultens and his family. Chapter 3 is dedicated to a description of the corpus used for the present study: the thirty-eight personal letters mentioned above. In Chapter 4 I present my background sources for studying the use of the auxiliary do and present participials in the Hendrik Albert Schultens English Letter Collection. In Chapters 5 and 6 I provide some more background information by way of summarising the English eighteenth- century culture of letters and the topic of second language learning of English in the 3 eighteenth-century Netherlands. Finally, Chapter 7 is dedicated to the linguistic analysis, introduced above. 4 2. A Short Biography of the Schultens Family “Long may the Name of Schultens continue to be an Ornament to their Country and promote the knowledge and interest of Oriental literature.” This is what James Robertson (1714–1795), an orientalist and Hebraist of Scottish descent,1 wrote in a letter to Hendrik Albert Schultens on 31 March 1778. This letter is included in Appendix A, as Letter 25. A complete overview of the letters used for this study is given in Appendix B. Hendrik Albert Schultens (1749–1793) was the third of three generations