Stacjonarne Studia Doktoranckie Ekologii i Ochrony Środowiska Aleksandra Jakiel Diversity and distribution of deep-sea Pseudotanaidae (Tanaidacea, Peracarida) Różnorodność i rozmieszczenie głębokowodnych Pseudotanaidae (Tanaidacea, Peracarida) Praca doktorska wykonana w Katedrze Zoologii Bezkręgowców i Hydrobiologii Instytutu Ekologii i Ochrony Środowiska pod kierunkiem : • Prof. dr hab. Magdaleny Błażewicz Łódź, 2020 Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 6 Barriers in the deep sea and their role in limiting dispersal ............................................... 6 Factors and Processes Shaping Deep Sea Diversity Patterns .......................................... 10 Deep-sea mining and its potential impact on benthic organisms .................................... 13 Tanaidacea – scientific object ................................................................................................. 15 Pseudotanaidae .......................................................................................................................... 19 Morphology .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Material and methods ............................................................................................................... 26 Aims and hypotheses ................................................................................................................. 28 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Streszczenie ................................................................................................................................. 30 References ................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 2: A tip of the iceberg—Pseudotanaidae (Tanaidacea) diversity in the North Atlantic ................................................................................................................................. 49 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 50 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 50 Study area ................................................................................................................................... 52 Material and Methods .............................................................................................................. 53 Samples ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 Taxonomic description ......................................................................................................................... 53 Measurements .......................................................................................................................................... 53 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................................................. 56 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 60 Species composition .............................................................................................................................. 60 Species discrimination .......................................................................................................................... 61 Taxonomic description ......................................................................................................................... 61 Morphological variables ....................................................................................................................... 83 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 83 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 84 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 84 References ................................................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 3: Deep ocean seascape and Pseudotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) diversity at the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone .......................................................... 87 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 88 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 88 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 89 Phylogenetic analyses ........................................................................................................................... 89 Spatial modeling and genetic gradients ........................................................................................... 91 Morphological analyses and species descriptions ....................................................................... 92 Identification keys to pseudotanaids found within the CCZ .................................................. 131 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 132 Material and Methods ............................................................................................................ 133 Sampling .................................................................................................................................................. 133 Phylogenetic analyses ......................................................................................................................... 133 Spatial modeling and genetic gradients ......................................................................................... 133 Morphological analyses and species descriptions ..................................................................... 134 References ................................................................................................................................. 134 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 136 Chapter 4: Secrets from the deep: Pseudotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) diversity from the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench ................................................................................. 137 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 138 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 138 Material and Methods ............................................................................................................ 139 Sampling during the Kuril-Kamchatka Biodiversity Studies ................................................ 139 Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses ................................................................................ 139 Morphological analyses and species description ....................................................................... 140 Results ........................................................................................................................................ 141 Pseudotanaidae diversity and spatial and bathymetric distribution ..................................... 142 Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses ................................................................................ 142 Morphological analyses and species descriptions ..................................................................... 142 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 143 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 145 Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 145 References ................................................................................................................................. 155 Chapter 5: General Discussion ........................................................................................ 156 Barriers in the deep sea and their role in limiting dispersal ................................................