2013 Expedition Report CCGS Amundsen CCGS Pierre Radisson LEG 1A BaySys/ArcticNet ArcticNet Hudson Bay Coasts of Northern Labrador and Baffin Island LEG 1B CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier ArcticNet Baffin Bay and Canadian Arctic BREA Archipelago Beaufort Sea LEG 2A ArcticNet Canadian Arctic Archipelago ArcticNet – Amundsen Science Program Université Laval Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, room 4081 1045, avenue de la Médecine Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 CANADA www.amundsen.ulaval.ca www.arcticnet.ulaval.ca Anissa Merzouk ArcticNet Expedition Reports Editor [email protected] Keith Levesque ArcticNet Marine Research Manager [email protected] Table of Content TABLE OF CONTENT II LIST OF FIGURES V LIST OF TABLES IX 2013 EXPEDITION REPORT 1 PART I – OVERVIEW AND SYNOPSIS OF OPERATIONS 2 1 OVERVIEW OF THE 2013 ARCTICNET EXPEDITION 2 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Regional settings 4 1.3 2013 Amundsen Expedition Plan 9 1.4 2013 CCGS Pierre Radison Expedition Plan 10 1.5 2013 CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier Expedition Plan 11 2 LEG 1A 26 JULY TO 12 AUGUST 2013 NORTHERN LABRADOR SEA AND BAFFIN BAY 12 2.1 Introduction and objectives 12 2.2 Synopsis of operations 13 2.3 Chief Scientist’s comments 15 3 LEG 1B 12 AUGUST TO 5 SEPTEMBER 2013 NORTHERN BAFFIN BAY AND CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO 16 3.1 Introduction and objectives 16 3.2 Synopsis of operations 17 3.3 Chief Scientist’s comments 19 4 LEG 2A 5 SEPTEMBER TO 15 SEPTEMBER 2013 CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO 20 4.1 Introduction 20 4.2 Synopsis of operations 21 4.3 Chief Scientist’s comments 22 PART II – PROJECT REPORTS 23 1 SURFACE CLIMATE, AIR-SURFACE FLUXES AND CARBON EXCHANGE DYNAMICS – LEGS 1A, 1B AND 2A 23 1.1 Introduction 23 1.2 Methodology 23 1.3 Preliminary results 26 1.4 Comments and recommendations 26 2 OCEAN – SEA ICE – ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM – LEGS 1A, 1B AND 2A 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Methodology – Upper atmosphere program 28 2.3 Methodology – Remote sensing and physical sampling program 32 2.4 Methodology – Ice motion program 36 2.5 Preliminary results 40 2.6 Comments and recommendations (Leg 1 only) 46 ii 3 ICE ISLANDS – DRIFT, DETERIORATION AND IDENTIFICATION – LEG 1A 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Methodology 47 3.3 Preliminary results 48 3.4 Comments and recommendations 49 4 MOORING PROGRAM – BAYSYS (HUDSON BAY) AND BREA (BEAUFORT SEA) 50 4.1 Introduction 50 4.2 Methodology – Hudson Bay mooring operations (BaySys) 51 4.3 Methodology – Beaufort Sea mooring operations (BREA) 59 4.4 Preliminary results – Hudson Bay mooring operations (BaySys) 62 4.5 Comments and recommendations – Hudson Bay mooring operations (BaySys) 63 5 WATER COLUMN STRUCTURE AND OCEAN CIRCULATION (CTD-ROSETTE, ADCP AND UVP OPERATIONS) – LEGS 1A, 1B AND 2A 64 5.1 Introduction 64 5.2 Methodology – CTD-Rosette 64 5.3 Methodology – LADCP 69 5.4 Methodology – SM-ADCP 69 5.5 Methodology – UVP 70 5.6 Preliminary results 71 5.7 Comments and recommendations 73 6 DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) SYSTEM – LEGS 1A AND 1B 76 6.1 Introduction 76 6.2 Methodology 76 7 MARINE PRODUCTIVITY AND OCEAN NUTRIENTS DYNAMICS – LEGS 1A, 1B AND 2A 79 7.1 Introduction 79 7.2 Methodology 79 7.3 Preliminary Results 81 8 METHANE (CH4) AIR-SEA FLUX AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING – LEGS 1A, 1B AND 2A 83 8.1 Introduction 83 8.2 Methodology 83 8.3 Preliminary results 84 8.4 Comments and recommendations 85 9 DMS(P) CYCLING AND NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) – LEGS 1A AND 1B 86 9.1 Introduction 86 9.2 Methodology 89 9.3 Preliminary results 93 9.4 Comments and recommendations 93 10 MICROBIAL DIVERSITY DOWN THE WATER COLUMN – LEGS 1A, 1B AND 2A 94 10.1 Introduction 94 10.2 Methodology 95 10.3 Comments and recommendations 98 11 REMOTE SENSING OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY – LEGS 1A AND 1B 99 11.1 Introduction 99 11.2 Methodology 99 11.3 Preliminary results 107 11.4 Comments and recommendations 108 12 PHYTOPLANKTON AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION – LEGS 1A, 1B AND 2A 110 12.1 Introduction 110 12.2 Methodology 110 12.3 Preliminary results 113 12.4 Comments and recommendations 115 iii 13 ZOOPLANKTON, ICHTYOPLANKTON AND BIOACOUSTICS – LEGS 1A, 1B AND 2A 117 13.1 Introduction 117 13.2 Methodology 117 13.3 Preliminary results 123 13.4 Comments and recommendations 126 14 CONTAMINANTS SAMPLING PROGRAM – LEGS 1A, 1B AND 2A 128 14.1 Introduction 128 14.2 Methodology 130 14.3 Preliminary results 136 14.4 Comments and recommendations 136 15 PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AND EMERGING CONTAMINANTS – LEG 2A 138 15.1 Introduction 138 15.2 Methodology 139 15.3 Preliminary results 141 15.4 Comments and recommendations 141 16 MERCURY CYCLING AND ISOTOPE SIGNATURES – LEG 1B 142 16.1 Introduction 142 16.2 Methodology 143 16.3 Preliminary results 145 16.4 Comments and recommendations 146 17 SEABED MAPPING – LEGS 1A AND 1B 147 17.1 Introduction 147 17.2 Methodology 147 17.3 Preliminary results 150 18 REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE (ROV) OPERATIONS – LEG 1A 153 18.1 Introduction 153 18.2 Methodology 153 18.3 Comments and recommendations 162 19 ROV DIVE FOR CORALS IN SE BAFFIN BAY – LEG 1A 164 19.1 Introduction 164 19.2 Methodology 165 19.3 Preliminary results 170 19.4 Conclusions 174 20 BENTHIC DIVERSITY AND FUNCTIONING – LEGS 1A, 1B AND 2A 175 20.1 Introduction 175 20.2 Methodology 175 20.3 Preliminary results 179 20.4 Comments and recommendations 179 APPENDIX 1 – LIST OF STATIONS SAMPLED DURING THE 2013 ARCTICNET EXPEDITION 181 APPENDIX 2 – SCIENTIFIC LOG OF ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED DURING THE 2013 ARCTICNET EXPEDITION 184 APPENDIX 3 – CTD LOGBOOK FOR THE 2013 ARCTICNET EXPEDITION 212 APPENDIX 4 – LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ON THE 2013 ARCTICNET EXPEDITION 214 iv List of Figures Part I – Overview and synopsis of operations Figure 1.1. Overview of the ship track and the locations of stations sampled in the Labrador Sea and fjords and along Baffin Island (Leg 1a), as well as in northern Baffin Bay (Leg 1b) and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Legs 1b and 2a) by the CCGS Amundsen. Also shown on this map are the locations of ArcticNet mooring operations in Hudson Bay (BaySys) aboard the CCGS Pierre Radisson, and in the Beaufort Sea (BREA) on the CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier. ................. 3 Figure 1.2. map showing the ship track and the locations of stations sampled in northern Labrador Sea and fjords, in Hudson Strait and along the coast of Baffin Island by the CCGS Amundsen during Leg 1a of the 2013 ArcticNet Expedition. .................................................................................. 6 Figure 1.3. Map showing the ship track and the locations of stations sampled in northern Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Lancaster Sound) by the CCGS Amundsen during Leg 1b of the 2013 ArcticNet Expedition. .................................................................................................... 7 Figure 1.4. Map showing the ship track and the locations of stations sampled in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Northwest Passage) by the CCGS Amundsen during Leg 2a of the 2013 ArcticNet Expedition. ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Figure 2.1. Ship track and the locations of stations sampled along northern Labrador coast, in Hudson Strait and along Baffin Island during Leg 1a. ........................................................................ 12 Figure 3.1. Ship track and the locations of stations sampled in northern Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Lancaster Sound) by the CCGS Amundsen during Leg 1b of the 2013 ArcticNet Expedition. .......................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 4.1. Map showing the ship track and the locations of stations sampled in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in Viscount Melville Sound, M’Clure Strait and Lancaster Sound during Leg 2a. ......... 20 Part II – Project reports Figure 2.1. Left: C-band scatterometer system mounted on the port side of the ship. Right: L-band scatterometer system. ........................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 2.2. Passive microwave radiometer systems. .................................................................................. 34 Figure 2.3. Types of ice beacons deployed during Leg 1b......................................................................... 38 Figure 2.4. Met Ocean buoy (MOB) deployed during Leg 1. ...................................................................... 38 Figure 2.5. Example C-band scatterometer signature from Station 252 conducted during Leg 1. ........... 40 Figure 2.6. Physical characterization of the multiyear sea ice at Station 250. (a) Temperature profile, (b) salinity profile, and (c) ice structure. .............................................................................................. 40 Figure 2.7. Vertical profiles of temperature and salinity obtained with the CTD at Peterman Fjord during Leg 1. ....................................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 2.8. Helicopter flight track and thickness profile data from northern Kennedy Channel obtained during a survey conducted in Leg 1. ................................................................................... 42 Figure 2.9. Section (in green) of the helicopter survey shown in Figure 2.8 across Kennedy Channel where the laser data is plotted upwards and shows the pack ice surface while the EM data is plotted downwards and shows the keel depths. ...............................................................................