Behavioral Ecology ISSN 1045-2249 (Print) The official journal of the ISSN 1465-7279 (Online) International Society for Behavioral Ecology Volume 20 Number 2 March/April 2009 ISSN 1045-2249 (Print) ISSN 1465-7279 (Online) www.beheco.oxfordjournals.org Behavioral VOLUME 20 Boldness and behavioral syndromes in the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Temporal variability in a multicomponent trait: nuptial coloration of Alexander D.M. Wilson and Jean-Guy J. Godin female two-spotted gobies 231 P. Andreas Svensson, Christophe Pe´labon, Jonathan D. Blount, Elisabet Forsgren, Ecology Nine-spined sticklebacks deploy a hill-climbing social learning strategy Bjørn Bjerkeng, and Trond Amundsen Jeremy R. Kendal, Luke Rendell, Thomas W. Pike, and Kevin N. Laland 346 NUMBER 2 238 Do polyandrous pygmy grasshopper females obtain fitness benefits for VOLUME 20 NUMBER 2 MARCH/APRIL 2009 their offspring? Family conflict and the evolution of sociality in reptiles Sofia Caesar and Anders Forsman Geoffrey M. While, Tobias Uller, and Erik Wapstra www.beheco.oxfordjournals.org 354 245 Conspicuousness-dependent antipredatory behavior may counteract MARCH/APRIL 2009 Living with the dead: when the body count rises, prey stick around coloration differences in Iberian rock lizards Virgil Fievet, Pauline Le Guigo, Julianne Casquet, Denis Poinsot, and Yannick Carlos Cabido, Pedro Gala´n, Pilar Lo´pez, and Jose´ Martı´n Outreman 362 251 Antipredator behavior in blackbirds: habituation complements risk allocation Armament under direct sexual selection does not exhibit positive allometry in an earwig In˜aki Rodriguez-Prieto, Esteban Ferna´ndez-Juricic, Jose´ Martı´n, and Yohana Regis 371 Emile van Lieshout and Mark Adrian Elgar Caste-specific symbiont policing by workers of Acromyrmex fungus-growing ants 258 Long-term effects of early parasite exposure on song duration and singing Aniek B.F. Ivens, David R. Nash, Michael Poulsen, and Jacobus J. Boomsma strategy in great tits 378 Linda L. Bischoff, Barbara Tschirren, and Heinz Richner Behavioral changes associated with a population density decline in the facultatively social red fox 265 GraziellaIossa,CarlD.Soulsbury,PhilipJ.Baker,KeithJ.Edwards,andStephenHarris Intraguild predation, thermoregulation, and microhabitat selection by snakes 385 Jonathan K. Webb, Robert M. Pringle, and Richard Shine Do hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) sound like the Hymenoptera they 271 morphologically resemble? Prudent male mate choice under perceived sperm competition risk in the A. Rashed, M.I. Khan, J.W. Dawson, J.E. Yack, and T.N. Sherratt eastern mosquito fish 396 Bob B. M. Wong and Miranda McCarthy Competition and brood reduction: testing alternative models of clutch-size 278 evolution in parasitoids Social enviroment influences aphid production of alarm pheromone John J. Pexton, Jetske G. de Boer, George E. Heimpel, Louise E.M. Vet, James B. Franc¸ois J. Verheggen, Eric Haubruge, Consuelo M. De Moraes, and Mark C. Whitfield, and Paul J. Ode Mescher 403 283 Lekking satin bowerbird males aggregate with relatives to mitigate aggression When are vomiting males attractive? Sexual selection on condition- Sheila M. Reynolds, Mary C. Christman, J. Albert C. Uy, Gail L. Patricelli, Michael dependent nuptial feeding in Drosophila subobscura J. Braun, and Gerald Borgia Elina Immonen, Anneli Hoikkala, Anahita J.N. Kazem, and Michael G. Ritchie 410 289 Conclusions beyond support: overconfident estimates in mixed models The elusive paradox: owner–intruder roles, strategies, and outcomes in Holger Schielzeth and Wolfgang Forstmeier parasitoid contests 416 Tom Bentley, Tristan T. Hull, Ian C.W. Hardy, and Marle`ne Goubault Group size effect caused by food competition in nutmeg mannikins 296 (Lonchura punctulata) Extrapair paternity in an insular population of house sparrows after the Guillaume Rieucau and Luc-Alain Giraldeau experimental introduction of individuals from the mainland 421 Nancy Ockendon, Simon C. Griffith, and Terry Burke Livestock grazing behavior and inter- versus intraspecific disease risk via 305 the fecal–oral route Differential effects of structural complexity on predator foraging behavior Lesley A. Smith, Piran C.L. White, Glenn Marion, and Michael R. Hutchings Matt J. Michel and Melinda M. Adams 426 313 Individual differences in protandry, sexual selection, and fitness When predators become prey: flight decisions in jumping spiders Anders P. Møller, Javier Balbontı´n, Jose´ Javier Cuervo, Ignacio G. Hermosell, and Theodore Stankowich F. de Lope 318 433 Sperm precedence in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) Interactions between masculinity–femininity and apparent health in face Michelle J. Solensky and Karen S. Oberhauser preferences 328 Finlay G. Smith, Benedict C. Jones, Lisa M. DeBruine, and Anthony C. Little Sex allocation in response to local resource competition over breeding 441 territories Negotiation between parents over care: reversible compensation during Ma˚rten B. Hjernquist, Katherine A. Thuman Hjernquist, Jukka T. Forsman, and incubation Lars Gustafsson Andra´s Kosztola´nyi, Innes C. Cuthill, and Tama´s Sze´kely 335 446 Correlation between exploration activity and use of social information in The social and genetic mating system in flickers linked to partially three-spined sticklebacks reversed sex roles o Shintaro Nomakuchi, Peter J. Park, and Michael A. Bell Karen L. Wiebe and Bart Kempenaers x f 340 453 ord Behavioral Ecology doi:10.1093/beheco/arp011 Advance Access publication 16 February 2009 Intraguild predation, thermoregulation, and microhabitat selection by snakes Jonathan K. Webb,a Robert M. Pringle,b and Richard Shinea aSchool of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and bDepartment of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Intraguild (IG) predation, the killing and eating of potential competitors, can be a powerful force within faunal assemblages. If both the IG predator and its prey prefer similar microhabitats in spatially structured environments, avoidance of the predator may relegate IG prey to suboptimal habitats. In southeastern Australia, the broad-headed snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides)isan endangered species sympatric with the small-eyed snake (Cryptophis nigrescens), an abundant and geographically widespread species known to eat other snakes. Both of these nocturnal ectotherms shelter diurnally beneath thermally distinctive ‘‘hot rocks,’’ which are in limited supply. When selecting shelter sites, broad-headed snakes thus face a trade-off between predation risk and habitat quality. In laboratory experiments, we allowed broad-headed snakes to choose between retreat sites differing in thermal regimes, in scent cues from predators, and in the actual presence of the predator. Broad-headed snakes displayed an aversion to sites with live predators and predator scent, yet nonetheless frequently selected those sites to obtain thermal benefits. In trials with live predators, adult broad-headed snakes shared hot rocks with small-eyed snakes, but most juveniles did not; data from a 16-year field study likewise suggest that broad-headed snakes only cohabit with small-eyed snakes if the two snakes are similar in body size. Our results suggest that thermoregulatory considerations are sufficient to prompt juvenile (but not adult) broad-headed snakes to risk IG predation, emphasizing the importance of microhabitat quality and body size in mediating IG predator–prey interactions. Key words: disturbance, endangered species, habitat selection, predation risk, refuge, snakes. [Behav Ecol 20:271–277 (2009)] ntraguild (IG) predation, consumptive interactions among Prey may also modify their behavior according to the degree Ispecies that compete for shared prey, is a taxonomically wide- of risk posed by the predators (Helfman 1989). In many sys- spread phenomenon in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems tems, the degree of predation risk depends on the size of the (Polis et al. 1989; Morin 1999; Arim and Marquet 2004). Pio- IG prey relative to its predator (Polis et al. 1989; Donadio and neering theoretical work identified the coexistence of IG Buskirk 2006; Sergio and Hiraldo 2008). For example, among predators and IG prey as difficult to explain and suggested mammalian carnivores, leopards (Panthera pardus) and spot- that such coexistence requires low-to-intermediate productiv- ted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) will kill cheetah cubs (Acinonyx ity levels (Mylius et al. 2001) and that the IG prey species be jubatus), whereas larger-bodied lions (Panthera leo) will kill a superior competitor for the shared resource (Holt and Polis both cheetah cubs and adults (Schaller 1972; Laurenson 1997). These predictions were difficult to reconcile with the 1994). Thus, predator-avoidance behaviors may depend on ubiquity of IG predation in nature, stimulating recent atten- the size or life stage of the IG prey. tion to real-world complexities (such as habitat heterogeneity, Many animals shelter within refuges, which can provide disturbance, cannibalism, and omnivory) that might facilitate a number of fitness benefits (Sih et al. 1992). However, shel- coexistence between predators and prey (Janssen et al. 2007; tering inside refuges also can entail costs, such as loss of time Rosenheim 2007; Rudolf 2007). and space available for mate searching and foraging (Sih et al. Behavioral processes are important to IG predation dynam- 1990; Dill and Fraser 1997). In ectotherms, body temperature ics. Most animals modify their behavior in the presence of influences nearly all behaviors (locomotion,