Acoustical features of diphthongs in Afrikaans Heidi Raubenheimer, M.A. Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in the Department of Afrikaans and Dutch in the Faculty of Arts of the Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoer Onderwys. Promoter: Professor D.P. Wissing Potchefstroom 1998 Acknowledgements My promoter, Prof. Daan Wissing, for his guidance, hard work and motivation. Dr. Wim Peeters of the RUU in the Netherlands for sharing his expertise on diphthongs. My husband Kobie, for his continual encouragement, as well as his assistance with the mathematical and statistical aspects of the study. My father, mother and 10han for their support and financial assistance. The CSD, Stichting Studiefonds and Nederlandse Taalunie for bursaries for doctoral research in South Mrica and in the Netherlands. The financial assistance of the Centre for Science Development (HSRC, South Africa) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and not necessarily to be attributed to the Centre for Science Development. Dedicated to Joban Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ______________________8 1.1 INTRODUCTION _________________________~8 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 8 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THlS STUDY 11 1.3. I G/~NFRAI, OBJF.:C71V/~· II 1.3.2 ,<..,'PJ;;CIFlC OJ3.JHC71VHS 12 1.4 HYPOTHESIS 12 1.5 SHORT REVIEWS OF EACH CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 2: DIPHTHONGS: ACOUSTIC AND AUDlTORY PERCEPTION RESEARCH 14 2.] INTRODUCTION ________________________14 2.2 DIPHTHONGS 15 2.2.1 INTROIJUC710N 15 2.2.2 IJIPII71iONGS IN GJ~Nm?AL AND AI'RIKAANS IJIPHTllONGS IN PAR71CULAR 16 2.2.3 71IH TARGHT TllFORY 20 2.2.4 TilE 'tRAJECTORY THEORY 23 2.2.5 71IE THMPORAI, FORMANT PA7T1~RN 28 2.2.6 CONCI'u::-''JON 32 CHAPTER 3: THE PRODUCTION TEST __________________34 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE EXPERIMENT _________________34 3.2 THE EXPERIMENT 34 3.2.1 SUBJECTS 34 3.2.2 Till': STIMUUJS MATHRIAL 35 3.2.3 IJATA COLLECTION PROcrWURH 36 3.2.4 MEASURING PROCf,"j)u/U~' 36 3.2.5 DATA ANALYSF.:S 37 3.2.6 RFS(Jf,n; AND DISCW.,::-''J()N 39 3.2.6.1 1'1 - 1'3, B1 - B3 and Amplitude ____________________39 3.2.6.1.1 FORMANT 1: RESULTS AND DlSC(JSSI0N 40 3.2.6.1.2 FORMANT 2: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47 3.2.6.1.3 FORMANT 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 54 3.2.6.14 AMI'Lfl1JDE: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION _________58 3.2.6.1.5 BANDWJDTTT 1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION __........... ___________ 3.2.6.1.6 BANDWIDTTT 2: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ____....~______~___..._ 3.2.6.1.7 BANDWlD'11l3: Rl(SlJLTSANDDISClJSSION ____________.....___ 3.2.6.2 Summary and conclusioIls ________________________ CHAPTER 4: THE PERCEPTION TEST__________________79 4.1 INTRODUCTION ______.........__________________79 4.2 SPEECH PERCEPTION __........~__________.......________...... 4.2.1 Uenera! introduction 79 4.2.2 Outline on perception studies ojdiphthongs 82 4.3 METHOD OF f'\.L.'LrU'l.L 4.3.1 71IH I'XPJ(R1M/~'NT INTRODUCTION 88 4.3.2 SlJ/J.JJ(Cl~<'; 88 4.3.3 S71MUUIS MA71{IUA/, 89 4.3.3.1 The target theory .......____... _._____~ _____~.___.....___________91 4.3.3.2 The tr~iectory theory the direction of change ____._____ ~__._______....__ _ 4.3.3.3 The trajectory thl."ory the rate of change ___________ 99 4.3.3.4 Temporal formant pattern .___ 103 4.3.4 DATA CO!,U~'CTf()N PROCEDURE I/O 4.3.5 DATA ANAIXS!S AND STA11SnCS I/O 4.3.6 RI'SlJ///:<.; AND I)JSCUS..WON /11 4.3.6.1 Idl.'I1tiiication and quality judgements: Overall values oflei!, loul and lui! lor the different versions I II 4.3.6.2 Identification and quality judgl.'II1t.'I1ts: Overall values oflei!, loul and lui! filr the different subjects 112 4.3.6.3 Idl.'I1tiiicatioIl and quality judgements: Overall values oflei!, loul and luil _____ 112 4.3.6.4 Identification and quality judgements: OVl."Tull values oflei!, loul and lui! for the diiferentlheories /13 4.3.6.5 Idl.'I1tificatioIl and quality judgements: Specific values of lei!, loul and lui! for the different theories _ 1J5 4.3.6.6 Identification and quality judgements: Values oflei!, loul, luil excluding sounds identified as 'junk' 117 4.3.6.7 Identification and quality judgements: Manipulations oflei!, loul, lui! of Temporal formant pattern 118 4.3.6.8 Summary and conclusions ________________________ 123 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS______________________126 ABSTRACT ________________________________________________________ 128 BIBLIOGRAPHY ______________________________ 129 APPENDIX A _____________________________136 APPENDIX B ________________________________137 2 List of Figures FIGURE I: THE THREE COMPONENTS OF FORMANTS I AND 2 OF A DIPHTHONG ...................................................... 18 FIGURE 2: GRAPIIJC PRESENTATION OF THE TARGET THEORy ............................................................................... 20 FIOUI~E 3: GRAPllIC PRESENTATION OF THE TRAJECTORY THEORY - DIRECTION OF CHANGE .................................. 23 FIOURE 4: GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF "I1IE TRAJECTORY THEORY - RATE OF CHANGE .......................................... 24 FIGUR1-: 5: OJI~VE FIT ON A SUBJI':Cr'S DIPHTHONG (F2)....................................................................................... 38 FlmJIU<: 6: CURVE FIT ON A SUBJECT'S DIPHTHONG (FI ) ....................................................................................... 38 FIGURE 7: TAIWET THEORY: luI! AND loul OF FI ............................................................................................... 93 FIGlffiE 8: TARGET THEORY: lEI! OF FI .............................................................................................................. 93 FIGURE 9: T AIWET TllEORY: luI! OF F2 .............................................................................................................. 94 FIGURE I 0: TARGET THEORY: loul OF F2 ........................................................................................................... 94 FIGURE II : TARGET THEORY: lEI! OF F2 ............................................................................................................ 95 FIGlJIU: 12: TRAJECTORY THEORY (DIRECTION): luI! AND loul OF FI .................................................................. 97 FIGURE 13: TRAJECTORY THEORY (DIRECTION): lEI! OF FI ................................................................................. 97 FIGURE 14: TRAJECTORY THEORY (DIRECTION): luI! OF F2................................................................................. 98 FIGURE 15: TRAJECTORY THEORY (DIRECTION): loul Of F2 ............................................................................... 98 FlmmE 16: TRAJECTORY THEORY (DIRECTION): lEI! OF F2 ................................................................................. 99 FIOURE 17: TRAJECTORY TIIEORY (RATE): IIJI! AND loul OF FL........................................................................ 101 FIGURE 18: TRAJECTORY THEORY (RATE): lEI! OF Fl ....................................................................................... 101 FIGURE 19: TRAJECTORY THEORY (RATE): IIJI! OF F2 ....................................................................................... 102 FIGlJIm 20: TRAJECTORY THEORY (RATE): loul OF F2 ...................................................................................... 102 FIGURE 21: TRAJECTORY THEORY (RATE): lEI! OF F2 ....................................................................................... 103 FIGURE 22: TEMPORAL FORMANT PATTERN: IIJI! ANDloul OF Fl ...................................................................... 107 FIGURE 23: TEMPORAL FOJ~MANT PATTEI~N: IEII OF Fl ..................................................................................... 107 FIOlJIm24: TEMI'ORAL FORMANT PATTERN: IlJII OF F2 .................................................................................... 108 FIGURE 25: TEMPORAL FOI~MANT PATTERN: lEI! OF F2..................................................................................... 108 FI(JURE 26: TEMPORAL FORMANT PATTERN: loul OF F2 ................................................................................... 109 FIGURE 27: AMPLITUDE - luI! .......................................................................................................................... 138 FIGlJIn: 28: AMPI.rnJDE - IEI/........................................................................................................................... 139 FIGURE 29: AMPLITUDE - loul ......................................................................................................................... 139 FIGURE 30: FORMANT 1 - j(JII .......................................................................................................................... 140 FIGURE 31: FORMANT 1 - lEI! .......................................................................................................................... 141 FIcamE 32: FORMANT I - loul......................................................................................................................... 141 FIGlJlU: 33: FORMANT 2 - IUII .......................................................................................................................... 142 FIGURE 34: FORMANT 2 - lEI! .......................................................................................................................... 143 3 FIOURE35: FORMANT 2 -/ou/......................................................................................................................... 143 FIGURE 36: FORMANT 3 -/uIl .........................................................................................................................