National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Final Final Cellulitis and erysipelas: antimicrobial prescribing guideline Evidence review September 2019 Contents Disclaimer The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian. Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties. NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the Welsh Government, Scottish Government, and Northern Ireland Executive. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. Copyright © NICE 2019. All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. ISBN: 978-1-4731-3541-3 Cellulitis and erysipelas: antimicrobial prescribing guideline Contents Contents Contents .............................................................................................................................. 4 1 Context .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Antimicrobial stewardship ...................................................................................... 7 1.3 Antimicrobial resistance ......................................................................................... 7 2 Evidence selection ....................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Literature search ................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Summary of included studies................................................................................. 9 3 Evidence summary ..................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Antibiotics in adults .............................................................................................. 15 3.1.1 Antibiotic prescribing strategies in people with cellulitis or erysipelas ....... 15 3.1.2 Choice of antibiotic in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ........................... 15 3.1.3 Dual therapy in children or adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ................... 20 3.1.4 Antibiotic dose in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas .................................. 22 3.1.5 Antibiotic dose frequency in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ................. 22 3.1.6 Antibiotic course length in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas .................... 22 3.1.7 Antibiotic route of administration in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ....... 23 3.1.8 Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent cellulitis or erysipelas in adults .................................................................................. 24 3.2 Antibiotics in children ........................................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Antibiotic prescribing strategies in children with cellulitis or erysipelas ..... 25 3.2.2 Antibiotic choice in children with cellulitis or erysipelas ............................ 25 3.2.3 Dual therapy in children with cellulitis or erysipelas .................................. 25 3.2.4 Antibiotic dose in children with cellulitis or erysipelas ............................... 25 3.2.5 Antibiotic dose frequency in children with cellulitis or erysipelas .............. 25 3.2.6 Antibiotic course length in children with cellulitis or erysipelas ................. 25 3.2.7 Antibiotic route of administration in children with cellulitis or erysipelas .... 26 3.2.8 Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent cellulitis or erysipelas in children................................................................................ 26 4 Terms used in the guideline ...................................................................................... 27 Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 28 Appendix A: Evidence sources .................................................................................. 28 Appendix B: Review protocol ..................................................................................... 30 Appendix C: Literature search strategy ..................................................................... 35 Appendix D: Study flow diagram ................................................................................ 43 Appendix E: Evidence prioritisation .......................................................................... 44 Appendix F: Included studies ..................................................................................... 47 Appendix G: Quality assessment of included studies .............................................. 49 G.1 Antibiotic route of administration in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ................ 49 G.2 Choice of antibiotic choice in adults and children with cellulitis or erysipelas ..... 50 4 Cellulitis and erysipelas: antimicrobial prescribing guideline Contents G.3 Dual therapy in children and adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ............................ 53 G.4 Antibiotic dose frequency in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ............................ 54 G.5 Antibiotic course length in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ............................... 55 G.6 Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent cellulitis or erysipelas in adults........................................................................................................................... 55 Appendix H: GRADE profiles ...................................................................................... 56 H.1 Antibiotic route of administration in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ................ 56 H.2 Antibiotic choice in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ........................................... 59 H.3 Dual antibiotic therapy in children and adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ............ 69 H.4 Antibiotic dose in people with cellulitis or erysipelas ............................................. 72 H.5 Antibiotic dose frequency in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ............................ 72 H.6 Antibiotic course length in adults with cellulitis or erysipelas ............................... 73 H.7 Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent cellulitis or erysipelas in adults........................................................................................................................... 74 H.8 Adverse events with antibiotic treatment in people with cellulitis.......................... 77 Appendix I: Studies not-prioritised ........................................................................... 80 Appendix J: Excluded studies ................................................................................... 81 5 Cellulitis and erysipelas: antimicrobial prescribing guideline Context 1 Context 1.1 Background Cellulitis and erysipelas are infections of the subcutaneous tissues, which usually result from contamination of a break in the skin. Both conditions are characterised by acute localised inflammation and oedema, with lesions more superficial in erysipelas with a well-defined, raised margin (World Health Organization 2018). Cellulitis can affect any part of the body, but usually affects the hands (causing swollen fingers), the feet (sometimes near toes if there is athletes foot) and lower legs (NHS – cellulitis). This guideline and evidence review covers cellulitis and erysipelas, but does not include surgical cellulitis, infections of skin pores (folliculitis, furuncles or carbuncles) or layers of the skin deeper than dermis and subcutaneous tissue (for example fasciitis). Cellulitis is a common infection seen in both primary and secondary care. Prescribing in primary care in England for cellulitis from 2013 to 2015 accounted for 12.0% of antibiotics prescribed for skin and wounds, and around 2% of all prescribed antibiotics in primary care with a linked diagnostic code (Dolk et al 2018). In 2017-18 there were over 88,000 recorded admissions to hospital in England for cellulitis, with more than 80,000 of these being emergency admissions, and accounting for over 430,000 bed days (NHS Digital, Hospital Admitted Patient Care Activity, 2017-18). Recurrence of cellulitis is common with 10–30% of people who suffer an episode of cellulitis having further subsequent episodes