PEACE FOREIGN LAND INVESTMENTS AND THE SURVIVAL OF SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN COPPERBELT PROVINCE OF ZAMBIA BY BIGBOY TORO (200706153) THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES (DEVELOPMENT STUDIES) IN THE DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND COMMERCE, AT THE UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE SUPERVISOR: PROF. A. RAHIM SEPTEMBER 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... i DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................. xi ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ............................................................ 1 1.0. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................... 1 1.3. PROBLEM STATEMENT ...................................................................................................... 20 1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY............................................................................................ 21 1.5. HYPOTHESIS ......................................................................................................................... 22 1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 22 1.7. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLGY ........................................ 24 1.8. DELIMITATIONS .................................................................................................................... 26 1.9. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................. 27 1.10. LAYOUT OF THE THESIS ................................................................................................. 29 1.11. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................................. 32 THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK ON PEASANT ECONOMIES ................................................... 32 2.0. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 32 2.1. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE RURAL ECONOMY ........................................................ 32 2.2. LEWIS TWO SECTOR MODEL OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT ...................................... 35 2.3. CLASSICAL MARXIST THEORY OF RURAL ECONOMY ............................................. 41 2.4. THE DOMESTIC MODE OF PRODUCTION THEORY ................................................... 50 2.5. TOWARDS A THEORY OF SMALLHOLDER PROPERTY RIGHTS ............................ 58 2.6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 70 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................. 73 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 73 i 3.0. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 73 3.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 74 3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................................................ 77 3.2.1. Population and Sampling ............................................................................................... 79 3.3. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES AND METHODS .................................................. 82 3.3.1. In-depth interviews .......................................................................................................... 84 3.3.2. Focus group interviews .................................................................................................. 87 3.3.3. Key informants interviews .............................................................................................. 90 3.3.3.1. Interview guide ......................................................................................................... 91 3.3.3.2. Semi-structured questionnaires ............................................................................. 92 3.3.3.3. Observations ............................................................................................................. 93 3.4.1. Archival data collection ................................................................................................... 94 3.5. DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 96 3.6. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................. 97 3.6.1. Population structure ........................................................................................................ 98 3.6.2. Ethnic groups ................................................................................................................... 99 3.6.3. Languages ...................................................................................................................... 100 3.6.4. Agro-ecological regions ................................................................................................ 100 3.6.4.1. Region I ................................................................................................................... 101 3.6.4.2. Region II .................................................................................................................. 102 3.6.4.3. Region III ................................................................................................................. 103 3.6.5. Water resources ............................................................................................................ 104 3.6.6. Economic characteristics ............................................................................................. 105 3.6.7. Human development conditions in Zambia ............................................................... 106 3.6.8. Health .............................................................................................................................. 107 3.6.9. Transport and communication ..................................................................................... 107 3.6.10. The education system ................................................................................................ 109 3.7.CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 110 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................. 112 AN ANALYSIS OF SMALL FARMERS AND LAND INVESTMENT ......................................... 112 4.0. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 112 4.1. HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ........................................................... 113 4.1.1. Head of household ........................................................................................................ 113 4.1.2. Age of the small farmers .............................................................................................. 117 ii 4.1.3. Marital status .................................................................................................................. 121 4.1.4. Type of marriages ......................................................................................................... 123 4.1.5. Level of education ......................................................................................................... 124 4.1.6. Household size .............................................................................................................. 127 4.1.7. Non-farm