SIXTY YEARS OF NASA LEADERSHIP IN HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION SEPTEMBER 26, 2018 Serial No. 115–74 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 32–515PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HON. LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas, Chair FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas DANA ROHRABACHER, California ZOE LOFGREN, California MO BROOKS, Alabama DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois SUZANNE BONAMICI, Oregon BILL POSEY, Florida AMI BERA, California THOMAS MASSIE, Kentucky ELIZABETH H. ESTY, Connecticut RANDY K. WEBER, Texas MARC A. VEASEY, Texas STEPHEN KNIGHT, California DONALD S. BEYER, JR., Virginia BRIAN BABIN, Texas JACKY ROSEN, Nevada BARBARA COMSTOCK, Virginia CONOR LAMB, Pennsylvania BARRY LOUDERMILK, Georgia JERRY MCNERNEY, California RALPH LEE ABRAHAM, Louisiana ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado GARY PALMER, Alabama PAUL TONKO, New York DANIEL WEBSTER, Florida BILL FOSTER, Illinois JIM BANKS, Indiana MARK TAKANO, California ANDY BIGGS, Arizona COLLEEN HANABUSA, Hawaii ROGER W. MARSHALL, Kansas CHARLIE CRIST, Florida NEAL P. DUNN, Florida CLAY HIGGINS, Louisiana RALPH NORMAN, South Carolina DEBBIE LESKO, Arizona SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE HON. BRIAN BABIN, Texas, Chair DANA ROHRABACHER, California AMI BERA, California, Ranking Member FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma ZOE LOFGREN, California MO BROOKS, Alabama DONALD S. BEYER, JR., Virginia RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois MARC A. VEASEY, Texas BILL POSEY, Florida DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois STEPHEN KNIGHT, California ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado BARBARA COMSTOCK, Virginia CHARLIE CRIST, Florida RALPH LEE ABRAHAM, Louisiana BILL FOSTER, Illinois DANIEL WEBSTER, Florida EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas ANDY BIGGS, Arizona NEAL P. DUNN, Florida CLAY HIGGINS, Louisiana LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas (II) C O N T E N T S September 26, 2018 Page Witness List ............................................................................................................. 2 Hearing Charter ...................................................................................................... 3 Opening Statements Statement by Representative Brian Babin, Chairman, Subcommittee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Rep- resentatives ........................................................................................................... 4 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 6 Statement by Representative Ami Bera, Minority Ranking Member, Sub- committee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives .................................................................................... 8 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 10 Statement by Representative Eddie Bernice Johnson, Ranking Member, Com- mittee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives .... 12 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 13 Statement by Representative Lamar Smith, Chairman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives .................................... 14 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 16 Witnesses: Mr. William Gerstenmaier, Associate Administrator, Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, NASA Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 19 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 22 Mr. Mark Geyer, Director, Johnson Space Center, NASA Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 31 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 34 Ms. Jody Singer, Director, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 35 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 37 Mr. Robert Cabana, Director, John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 39 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 41 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 42 Appendix I: Answers to Post-Hearing Questions Mr. William Gerstenmaier, Associate Administrator, Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, NASA .............................................................. 58 Mr. Mark Geyer, Director, Johnson Space Center, NASA ................................... 73 Ms. Jody Singer, Director, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA ....................... 77 Mr. Robert Cabana, Director, John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA ............... 84 Appendix II: Additional Material for the Record Document submitted by NASA ............................................................................... 92 (III) SIXTY YEARS OF NASA LEADERSHIP IN HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2018 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY, Washington, D.C. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 2:11 p.m., in Room 2318 of the Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Brian Babin [Chairman of the Subcommittee] presiding. (1) 2 lAMAA S. SMITH, Texas EOOlE BERNICE JOHNSON, TaKas CHAIRMAN RANKING MEMBER ~ngrcss of the ti.nitcd eStates "!!louse or 'Rfprcstntatiocs COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY 2321 RAYBURN HouSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON, OC 20515-6301 1202)225-6371 www. .eianc:~~.huUIOI!I.gnv 60 Years ofNASA Leadership in Human Space Exploration: Past, Present, and Future Wednesday, September 25,2018 2:00p.m. 2318 Rayburn House Office Building Witnesses Mr. William Gerstenmaier, Associate Administrator, Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, NASA Mr. Mark Geyer, Director, Johnson Space Center, NASA Ms. Jody Singer, Director, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA Mr. Robert Cabana, Director, John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA 3 U.S. HUUSt; ut· KEPKESt:NTATIVt:S COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY Charter TO: Members, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology FROM: Majority Staff, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology DATE: September 26, 2018 SUBJECT: Space Subcommittee Hearing: "60 Years of NASA Leadership in Human Space Exploration: Past, Present, and Future" On Wednesday, September 26 at 2:00p.m. in Room 2318 of the Rayburn House Office Building, the Subcommittee on Space will hold a hearing titled, "60 Years of NASA Leadership in Human Space Exploration: Past, Present, and Future." Hearing Purpose To provide NASA and Center Directors with significant Human Spaceflight responsibilities the opportunity to describe how they are positioning their respective centers to enable NASA to execute successfully a sustainable human exploration program that mitigates the negative impacts experienced in the course of prior human spaceflight program transitions. Witnesses • Mr. William Gerstenmaier, Associate Administrator, Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, NASA • Mr. Mark Geyer, Director, Johnson Space Center, NASA • Ms. Jody Singer, Director, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA • Mr. Robert Cabana, Director, John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA Staff Contact For questions related to the hearing, please contact Mr. Ryan Faith, Professional Staff Member, Space Subcommittee, or Ms. Sara Ratliff, Professional Staff Member, Space Subcommittee, at 202-225-6371. 4 Chairman BABIN. Good afternoon. The Subcommittee on Space will now come to order. Without objection, the Chair is authorized to declare recesses of the Subcommittee at any time. Welcome to today’s hearing titled, ‘‘60 Years of NASA Leadership in Human Space Exploration: Past, Present, and Future.’’ I’ll recog- nize myself for 5 minutes for an opening statement. The 36th Congressional District of Texas is home to the Johnson Space Center, a source of pride for all Texans. Representing my constituents and JSC has been one of the proudest and most excit- ing experiences during my Congressional tenure. I am honored to have the privilege of serving as the Chairman of the Space House Subcommittee as well. This role has shown me just how vital NASA is to our Nation. Sixty years of outstanding achievements by NASA have served to lay the foundation for even more incredible feats over the next 60 years. Every single one of these remarkable accomplishments would not have occurred had it not been for the amazing individ- uals who have made up the NASA team over the years. The unique capabilities and experience of the workforce at each of NASA’s cen- ters, three of which are represented here today, were very critical in helping NASA accomplish such audacious goals. To accomplish remarkable feats in the future, our NASA centers, workforce,