Maurer School of Law: Indiana University Digital Repository @ Maurer Law Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 2008 Eastphalia Rising: An Enquiry into the Emergence of an Asian Perspective on International Law and Global Governance Sung Won Kim Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/etd Part of the International Law Commons EASTPHALIA RISING : AN ENQUIRY INTO THE EMERGENCE OF AN ASIAN PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Sung Won Kim Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of SJD in the School of Law, Indiana University 2008 Table of Contents Chapter 1. The Rise of Asia: What Implications for International Law and Global Governance? ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Asia Rising, Asia Leading ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 From Westphalia to Eastphalia .............................................................................. 2 1.3 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................. 5 PART I. ASIA AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: PHILOSOPHY, HISTORY, AND CRITICAL THEORY ......................................................................................................11 Chapter 2. An Asian Perspective on International Order: Rise and Fall of a Philosophical and Political Framework ........................................................................ 12 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 12 2.2 The Westphalian Shadow: Obscuring the Origins of Non-Western Perspectives on International Order and International Law ........................................................ 13 2.3 Foundations of an Asian Perspective on International Order: Confucianism and the Sinocentric System in East Asia .................................................................... 19 2.4 Collapse of the Sinocentric System: Western Imperialism and the Process of Universalization of International Law ....................................................................... 25 2.5 Loss of an Asian Voice in International Law: The Rise of Ideology in International Law ........................................................................................................ 28 2.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 35 Chapter 3. International Law as Civilization-Centric: The Role of the Standard of Civilization in the Making of the Modern International Legal System ..................... 37 v 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 37 3.2 The Standard of Civilization as the Main Engine for Justification of Western- Centric International Law .......................................................................................... 38 3.3 Neglect of Non-Western Civilizations in the Course of Promoting Western Imperialism .................................................................................................................. 44 3.3.1 Unequal Treaties .............................................................................................. 45 3.3.2 The System of Capitulations ........................................................................... 46 3.3.3 The Aftermath of the Standard of Civilization............................................. 48 3.4 The Legacy of Western-Centric Civilization in the Age of Globalization: The Standard of Global Civilization .................................................................................. 49 3.4.1 Emergence of a New Standard of Civilization? ............................................ 49 3.4.2 Asia and the Standard of Global Civilization ............................................... 55 3.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 59 Chapter 4. Critical Theory and International Law: The Emergence and Importance of Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) ...................................... 61 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 61 4.2 TWAIL: Challenging History, Changing Theory ............................................... 62 4.3 The Third World’s Revolt Against the West: A Vision of Pluralism in International Law ........................................................................................................ 67 4.3.1 Third World Critiques of International Law from the Period of Decolonization ........................................................................................................... 67 4.3.2 Components of the “Revolt against the West”: Procedural and Substantive Initiatives by Third World Countries ..................................................................... 69 vi Principle of Self-Determination ........................................................................... 70 International Law on Foreign Direct Investment .............................................. 73 International Trade Law ...................................................................................... 74 Law of the Sea ....................................................................................................... 75 New International Economic Order .................................................................... 77 International Human Rights Law ....................................................................... 78 Summary on Pluralization Efforts by Third World Countries ........................ 81 4.4 Withering Pluralism: Challenges of Globalization to TWAIL .......................... 82 4.4.1 Pluralization Lost? .......................................................................................... 83 4.4.2 TWAIL Troubles .............................................................................................. 90 4.5 TWAIL and an Asian Perspective on International Law and Global Governance: Moving Forwards, Looking Backwards ............................................. 93 PART II. FINDING THE EASTPHALIAN OUTLOOK: ELEMENTS OF AN ASIAN PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW ............................................. 95 Chapter 5. The “Asian Values” Debate: Myths, Truths, and Their Implications for an Asian Perspective on International Law .................................................................. 96 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 96 5.2 Emergence and Evolution of Asian Values and Their Implications for International Law and Global Governance .............................................................. 98 5.2.1 Asian Values Emerge in International Relations .......................................... 98 5.2.2 The Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 and Its Aftermath ............................... 100 5.2.3 The Democracy and Human Rights Questions in the Debate on Asian Values ....................................................................................................................... 102 vii 5.2.4 The Asian Values Debate Broadens Beyond Politicians’ Arguments ........ 102 5.2.5 Asian Values and Confucianism ................................................................... 105 5.2.6 Asian Values and International Law ........................................................... 106 5.3 Values or Power? The Challenges of Asia and Critical Evaluation of Asian Values and Asian Power ............................................................................................ 106 5.3.1 The Non-History of Pan-Asianism ............................................................... 107 5.3.2 What is the “Asia” that Informs Asian Values? ......................................... 109 5.3.3 Human Rights Complexities with the Asian Values Perspective ................111 5.3.4 Asian Values and Authoritarian Governments ............................................114 5.3.5 Asian Values and Confucianism Revisited ...................................................116 5.4 Conclusion: The Asian Values Debate, International Law, and the Future of Global Governance .....................................................................................................119 Chapter 6. Eastphalia, International Law, and Security: Case Study on the Asian Perspective on the Use of Force, Humanitarian Intervention, and Human Security ......................................................................................................................................... 121 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 121 6.2 The Existing International Legal System on the Use of Force and International Security ....................................................................................................................... 122 6.2.1 International Law on the Use of Force and International Security: Brief Overview ................................................................................................................. 122 6.2.2 Beyond the UN Charter: Claims for Broader Rights to Use of Force under International