Aztlan in Arizona: Civic narrative and ritual pageantry in Mexican America Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Rivas Bahti, Dolores Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 04:30:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279792 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI' AZTLAN IN ARIZONA: CIVIC NARRATIVE AND RITUAL PAGEANTRY IN MEXICAN AMERICA By Dolores Rivas Bahti A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 200 1 UMI Number: 3016504 UMI ® UMI Microform 3016504 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Dolnrp^s Rivas Bahtd. entitled AZTLRN IN ARIZOSIA; CIVIC NAREIATIVE aND RITUZVL PAGEAETTRY IN MEXICAN AMERICA and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Dnn-hn-r o-F Ph-i1nQry,hy J)^— J-/ 2 r/ gj Garcia Date TcJ-U^ •rlaini KatheTrine Morrissey J Date (9) Zero I Sarah J. Moore Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. 5-/ a < Disser^i^ion Director r. Garcia Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations fi^om this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation fi^om or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge faculty in the History and Art History departments of the University of Arizona who guided me through my graduate programs and kept faith with me, particularly members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Juan R. Garcia; Dr. Katherine G. Morrissey; and Dr. Sarah J. Moore. I also extend my sincere gratitude to the academic generosity of Dr. Armando Miguelez, who prepared me to write a story about Iberia in Aztlan; to Dr. \fichael Weber, who shepherded the Arizona Historical Society Mexican Heritage Project through myriad creative endeavors; and to Dr. Kieran McCarty, O.F.M., and P. Anastacio Font, O.C.D., who understood that our history frequently rests upon the surfaces of stray bits of ink- stained paper. 5 DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to Mark Bahti and to Kim Huong Bahti, Yuri S.K. Bahti, and Santiago MacFarland Rivas Bahti, who as an infant nestled in library carts and as a young boy helped me finish my work. I dedicate my work to my father. Major George W. Biggs (USAF, Ret.) and the memory of my mother, Rosario Vega Anaya Biggs, who together raised an artist and a scholar. I dedicate the future to cherished fiiends and extended family, especially Sara and David Laux, and Benjamin Charles Laux, my beloved godson. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 8 ABSTRACT 12 INTRODUCTION 14 Aztlan and Mexican American Cultural Identity 16 Culture as a Process and an Idea in the American West 19 Gadsden Arizona 23 Methods and Sources 28 Organizational Framework 31 CHAPTER ONE. THE INTERNAL'ORIENT: MEXICAN AMERICA AT THE WORLD'S FAIRS 42 Late Nineteenth-Century Tucson 43 Aztlan and the World's Fairs 49 Charting Mexico in Europe: Exposition Universeile de Paris, 1889 53 Charting North America: The Columbian Exposition, 1893 58 Mythic Space in Arizona 72 CHAPTER TWO. DRAMA AS A FORM OF MEXICAN AMERICAN CULTURAL DISCOURSE 81 Frontier Culture: Public Performance in Territorial Tucson 84 Early Mexican/American Professional Theater in Arizona 88 Epoca Dorada: The Gilded Age of Frontier Theater 86 Chin-Chun-Chan 96 CHAPTER THREE. 'MEXICO DE AFUERA:' NARRATIVES OF (IM)MIGRATION AND EXILE 118 The Spanish-language Press in Mexican America 125 Spanish Language Journalism in Arizona 134 Teatro de Tesis: Political Exile and Border Activism 136 Tierra y Libertad! 142 Americanization in Aztlan 150 CHAPTER FOUR. CARMELITES IN ARIZONA: SPANISH RURAL MISSIONS 157 Mexican Points of Departure 168 Arizona Points of Arrival 182 Public Worship as a Marker of Social Stability 199 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued CHAPTER nVE. THE RHETORIC OF CULTURE: CARMELITE PARISHES OF URBAN ARIZONA 208 Barrio Anita and Holy Family Church 211 Local Elements of Regional Religious Discourse 222 Spanish Discalced Carmelite Priests in Arizona 227 P. Carmelo Corbella and Holy Family Parish 234 CONCLUSION 280 APPENDICES 291 Chronology of Spanish-language Theater in Arizona, 1871-1939 291 Discalced Carmelite Priests in Arizona 325 REFERENCES 331 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Frontispiece. Pageantry for the Carmelite Virgin and Cristo Rey, c. 1927 13 Source; Hermanos Descalzos de la Orden de la Bienaventurada Virgen Maria del Monte, Barcelona [OCD, B]; Arizona Historical Society Reference No. [AHS #] Introduction. Fig. 1. Map. Northern New Spain: The Province of Sonora 39 Source: Sonora: A Description of the Province (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989). Reproduced with Permission of University of Arizona Press Fig. 2. Map. Mexican Border with the United States, c. 1855 40 Guadalupe Hidalgo, La Mesilla and Gadsden Arizona Source: E. Krause, Biography of Power (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), 178. Fig. 3. Map. Spiritual Geography of the Pimeria Alta 41 Source: Beliefs and Holy Places: A Spiritual Geography of the Pimeria Alta (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992). Permission requested of the University of Arizona Press. Chapter I. The Internal * Orient': Mexican America at the World's Fairs. Fig. 4. Carlos Velasco, Publisher of "El Fronterizo " 74 AHS Library FUe #57360 Fig. 5. Aztec-Inca Dwelling, Paris, 1889 75 Source: W. Walton, Chefs-d'ouevre de VExposition Universelle de Paris, 7559 (Philadelphia and Paris: 1889). Figs. 6 a-b. Faipade and Interior of Aztec Palace, Paris Universal Exposition 76 Source: Jose Francisco Godoy, Mexico en Paris (Mexico City, 1891). Fig. 7. Map. Atchison, Topeka& Santa Fe Railroad, 1893 77 Source: Arizona^ University of Arizona Special Collections Library Fig 8. Arizona Mineral Exhibit, World's Fair, Chicago, HI., 1893 78 Source: Arizona, University of Arizona Special Collections Library Fig. 9. Grounds of the World's Columbian Exposition (Smith: 1994) 79 Source: Rand McNally & Co. (Chicago: 1893). 9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - Continued Figs. lOa-b. WCE Anthropology Building M 80 a. Uxmal and Labna Exhibits (Smith: 1994) Source: "The Book of World's Fair Photographs" Library of Congress b. E. H. Thompson, Governor's Palace, Uxmal Source: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard (PA) Chapter 2. Drama as a Form of Mexican American Cultural Discourse Fig. 11. Map. Mexican Itinerant Companies in the U.S. Southwest, c. 1920 115 Fig. 12. Map. Performance Itineraries of Dramatic Companies in Arizona 116 Figs. 13a-b Arizona Women Artists 117 a. Carmen Celia Beltran, c. 1925 [OCD, B]; AHS # b. LuisaEspinel AHS Library File #91427 Chapter 3. 'Mexico de Afuera': Narratives of (Im)migration and Exile Fig. 14. Francisco Moreno, "El Titcsonense" AHS Library File #69440 155 Figs. 15a-b. Maps. Southeast Quadrant: Sonoran Highlands Mining Region, 1903 ... 157 Source: Linda Gordon, The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction {\999) a. Clifton-Morenci Mining District b. Old Clifton Morenci Chapter 4. Carmelites in Arizona: Spanish Rural Missions Fig. 16a-b.