XA9846093 GHG Emission Assessment of Full Energy Chain for Solar Power in China By: Li Junfeng Renewable Energy Development Center of Energy Research Institute of SPC P.R. China Abstract Solar PV technologies have been made a very important role for meeting the energy demand in the remote area and some commercial case in China. The annual PV production is about 1 MW and the total installation of solar PV is about 3 MW in China. However, from the full energy chain point view, during the manufacturing of solar PV, some energy should be used. This paper will focus on the analysis of full energy chain for the solar PV production and utilization. This paper consists two parts: current status of solar PV production and utilization in China and analysis of greenhouse gas emission from the full energy chain of solar PV production. 1. Current Status of solar PV production and utilization in China 1.1 Research and Development China started to do research on solar cells for space use was in 1958 and for the research on terrestrial PV application began in the early of 1970V After more than 20 years efforts, remarkable achievements have been made on solar cells and PV system technologies. Table 1 shows the efficiency level of various type of solar cells and the comparison between China and abroad. Table 1. Efficiency of Solar Cells in China and Abroad Efficiency (%) Solar Cells Abroad China Laboratory Commercial Laboratory Commercial Single Crystal Cell. 16.0 100 Cell: 14.0 Si Solar Cell 24.2 Module: 14.0 20.4 Module: 12.0 Poly-crystal 20.0 Cell: 14.0 13.1 Cell: 12.0 Si Solar Cell Module: 12.0 Module: 10.0 Amorphous Si Single Junket: Single Junket: Single Junket: 11.2 4.0 - 7.0 Solar Module 13.3 5.0 - 9.0 Multi-Junct: (300 * 300 or Multi-Junct: Multi-Junct: 11.4 300 * 900 module) 14.6 8.0-12.0 Concentrator 35.0 14-19 17.0 - Solar Cell GaAs Cell 24.8 20.1 • CdS/CuxS 12.3 - 8.0-9.0 - Solar Cell MIS Cell 20.0 15.0 - - Film Poly- 15.8 11.0 - - crystal Cell For PV balance-of-system we've got achievements on stand-along DC/AC inverts, charging controllers, testing equipment, etc. and for PV system technologies, we've got a lot of experience on solar pumps, PV powered communication systems, stand-along and hybrid centralized PV or wind-PV power plants for villages, solar home systems, solar lighting, etc.. Since 1976, Chinese central government have done much efforts to photovoltaics and put it in the National 5-Year R&D Plans in formally. During 6th (1980-1985), 7th (1986-1990) and 8th (1991-1995) National 5-Year Plan, central government, local government and Ministries have invest more than 300 Million Yuan in photovoltaic industries, R&D activities and demonstrations. 1.2 PV Industry From 1983 to 1989, 7 solar cell production lines were imported from abroad. Plus other existing solar cell factories, there used to be as many as 17 PV manufacturers in China. But more than half of them have small quantity in production or only for space use or stop the production now for some reasons. The situation is shown in Table 2. Table 2 The Space-Use, Small and Closed PV Manufacturers Manufacturer Production Equipment Technology Annual Cun-ent Start Origin Capacity Status Tianjin Inst. of Domestic Crystalline 100 kWp Mainly for Space Power Sources 1973 Facilities Si Cell Use Wuhan 752 1979 Key Equipmei t Crystalline 100 kWp Assembly Small from USA Si Cell Quantity Shanghai 901 early in 1980': Domestic Crystalline 20kWp Mainly Selling Facilities Si Cell Wafers Shanghai Xinyi early in 198O'< Domestic Space Use lOkWp Only for Space Facilities Solar Cell Xinjiang Key Equipmei t Mono -Si 100 kWp Stop the Semiconductor 1986 from USA Cell production Factory Baotou Solar Ce 1 Domestic Mono -Si 50kWp Assembly Small Factory 1986 Facilities Cell Quantity Inner Mongolia Domestic Crystalline 50kWp Assembly Small Solar Cell Facto y 1986 Facilities Si Cell Quantity Shenzhen 1987 Assembly Lin 5 Mono -Si lMWp Stop the Darning Co. Global, USA Cell production Shenzhen Yu- 1989 USA a-Si Never in Regular Kang Qinhuangdao Al a 1990 Alfa Co., USJ L Concentrator 8MW Assembly Line Co. Ltd Nanjing Solar Assembly Lin s, Crystalline 100 kWp Stop the Electric Co. 1991 from USA Si Cell production Today, more than 90 % solar modules are produced by 6 key PV manufacturers. 5 of them are producing crystalline silicon solar cells and only one is making amorphous solar cells. See details in table 3. From Table 3, we may see that according to wafer line capacity, the actual annual production in China for crystalline Si solar cells is at most 1.5 MWp even though the total rated capacity is about 2.5 MWp. Today, most of PV manufacturers have to buy wafers from outside to keep the manufacturing going on. Table 3 Information of Main Solar Cell Manufacturers in China Manufacturer Production Equipment Technolog Wafer Cell& Shipment Start Origin y Capacity Module in 1995 Capacity Kaifeng Old line: Key Mono- Solar Cell 1975 equipment crystalline 100 300 kWp/year 180 kWp Factory New line: import: Si Cell kWp/year 1988 Spire, USA Ningbo Old line: Key Mono- Solar Cell 1976 equipment crystalline 150 300 kWp/year 300 kWp Factory New line: import: Si Cell kWp/year 1988 Spire, USA Yunnan Old line: Whole line Mono- Semiconducto 1983 Imported: crystalline 300 500 kWp/year 300 kWp r Imported line: TPK, Canada Si Cell kWp/year Devices 1987 Factory General Inst, Laminator for Non- 1987 imported: Poly-Si 100 100 kWp/year 20kWp Ferrous Spire, USA kWp/year Metals Manufacturer Production Equipment Technolog Wafer Cell& Shipment Start Origin y Capacity Module in 1995 Capacity Qinhuangdao Imported line: Whole line Mono- Huamei 1990 Imported: crystalline 300 lMWp 200 kWp Photovoltaic Spire, USA Si Cell KWp/year /year Electronics Ltd. Harbin- 1991 Whole line lMWp Chronar Imported: a-Si - /year 200 kWp Chronar, USA 1.3 Marketing and Applications 1.3.1 Market Development Before 1980's, the annual output of solar modules in China was never higher than 10 kWp in totally, and the price of solar modules was very high by that time. In 1982, the price of solar module was as high as 70 Yuan/Wp (about $20 USD/Wp). Limited by manufacturing capacity and the so high prices, PV market was very hard to be developed. Besides space use, solar cells were only used as small power supplies in special fields, like: beacons, light houses, railway and highway signal systems, power supply for the equipment in mountain weather stations, electric fence, insects trapper lights, DC powered fluorescent lights, etc.. The power range for such system is between several watts to tens of watts. At the same period, some projects of international cooperation were carried out , like: New Energy Village in Daxing county, Beijing, which was cooperated with AEG Telephonken, Germany and a 10 kWp PV Power Plant in Yuanzi township, Gansu province, which was built by KYOCERA, Japan. about 40 Yuan/Wp. Since then, PV market is expanded very quickly. Now, solar cells are used not only for small power systems but also distributed into various fields: communications, transportation, rural electrification, industry and agriculture, commodities, etc.. In addition, solar cell has been introduced into national important engineering. Such as: Electrification Project for the Counties Without Electricity sponsored by Ministry of Electric Power; Tibet Sunshine Project; Communication Project for Fire Warning System; Xi-Lan-Wu and Bei-Hu-Yin-Lan Optical-fiber Communication Engineering, 400 Satellite TV Receiver & Transmitter Stations in Tibet; Xinjiang Oil Pipeline Engineering (include communications and catholic protections for pipeline), and so on. Since 1993, the annual production of solar modules is near or higher 1 MWp. By the end of 1995, the total installed PV power in China has been more than 6 MWp. Table 4 shows the historical evolution of PV. Table 4 Historical Evolution of PV Annual Production and Prices * * Year Annual Production Module Price Installed Capacity (kWp) (Yuan/Wp) (kWp) 1976 0.5 400.0 0.5 1977 1.0 200.0 1.5 1978 2.0 120.0 3.5 1979 5.0 100.0 8.5 1980 8.0 80.0 16.5 1981 15.0 75-80 31.5 1982 20.0 70.0 51.5 1983 30.0 60.0 81.5 1984 50.0 50.0 131.5 1985 70.0 45-50 200.0 1986 80.0 40-45 280.0 1987 100.0 40.0 380.0 1988 a-Si 200.0 c-Si 150.0 a-Si 21-23 c-Si 35-45 730.0 1989 a-Si 300.0 c-Si 250.0 a-Si 23 c-Si 35-37 1280.0 1990 a-Si 100.0 c-Si 400.0 a-Si 22-25 c-Si 38-40 1780.0 1991 a-Si 100.0 c-Si 450.0 a-Si 23-25 c-Si 38-40 2330.0 1992 a-Si 150.0 c-Si 500.0 a-Si 25 c-Si 40-42 2980.0 1993 a-Si 250.0 c-Si 650.0 a-Si 25-27 c-Si 40-47 3880.0 1994 a-Si 200.0 c-Si 900.0 a-Si 25-27 c-Si 40-47 5080.0 imported 100.0 imported 50-60 1995 a-Si 200.0 c-Si 1000 C a-Si 25-27 c-Si 40-47 6630.0 imported 350.0 imported 50-60 Exchange rate: before 1988 $1 USD = 3.5 -3.8 Yuan 1989 - 1993 $1USD= 5.3-5.7 Yuan 1994- now $ 1 USD = 8.5 - 8.9 Yuan 1.3.2 Current Market Share In China, now the largest PV market is in communications, the share of this market is about 65%.