Guide to Aquatic Invertebrate Families of Mongolia Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, and Aquatic Resource Professionals AUTHOR R. William Bouchard, Jr. Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA Guide to Aquatic Invertebrate Families of Mongolia | 2012 Acknowledgements Thank you to the people who have reviewed and contributed to drafts of this guide. Many thanks to Sarah Walker Judson, Jon Gelhaus, John Morse and Michael Schäffer who provided helpful comments that improved the usefulness and accuracy of this guide. A number of people assisted with the creation of the “Guide to Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of the Upper Midwest” upon which this book is based. Mary Karius and Len Ferrington were editors for INTRODUCTION the Midwest guide. Many thanks also to Gary Montz, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and Joel Chirhart, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, for their contributions to ensure the guide was accurate and complete. Volunteers, teachers, students, and other citizens across the Midwest reviewed and pilot tested the guide to identify confusing segments and make sure it was user- friendly. Many thanks also to Erin Bouchard and Tracy Thomas Wilson for their help reviewing this guide for grammar and formatting. Barbara Liukkonen served as principal investigator for the external grants and assisted with editing. © 2012 by R. William Bouchard, Jr. All rights reserved. 2012 Version While we prefer that you use the "Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of Mongolia" by downloading it from our Web site, you may reproduce the drawings or descriptions in educational materials for students or volunteers as long as appropriate acknowledgements are provided. You may not use any material from the "Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of Mongolia " in a publication, presentation, Web site, or other product that is sold, or otherwise distributed for profit or to raise funds. Please send a copy of your guide/manual ([email protected]) when it is completed so we can maintain a record of where components of the "Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of Mongolia" have been used. ii Guide to Aquatic Invertebrate Families of Mongolia | 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION FOREWORD TO MONGOLIAN GUIDE................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES....................................................................................................... 10 Key to Aquatic Invertebrates......................................................................................................12 Non-Insect Invertebrate Descriptions......................................................................................26 INSECTA.............................................................................................................................................. 38 Key to Insecta Orders..................................................................................................................42 EPHEMEROPTERA ......................................................................................................................... 49 Key to Ephemeroptera Families (Larvae).................................................................................51 Ephemeroptera Family Descriptions ........................................................................................58 ODONATA.......................................................................................................................................... 67 Key to Odonata Families (Larvae).............................................................................................70 Odonata Family Descriptions.....................................................................................................74 PLECOPTERA.................................................................................................................................... 79 Key to Plecoptera Families (Larvae)..........................................................................................82 Plecoptera Family Descriptions .................................................................................................86 HEMIPTERA....................................................................................................................................... 91 Key to Hemiptera Families (Adults)..........................................................................................94 Hemiptera Family Descriptions ...............................................................................................100 MEGALOPTERA.............................................................................................................................108 Key to Megaloptera Families (Larvae)*...................................................................................110 Megaloptera Family Descriptions ............................................................................................111 NEUROPTERA ................................................................................................................................112 Neuroptera Family Descriptions..............................................................................................114 TRICHOPTERA ...............................................................................................................................115 Key to Trichoptera Families (Larvae)......................................................................................118 Trichoptera Family Descriptions .............................................................................................128 LEPIDOPTERA................................................................................................................................139 Lepidoptera Family Descriptions.............................................................................................141 COLEOPTERA.................................................................................................................................142 Key to Coleoptera Families (Larvae).......................................................................................145 Key to Coleoptera Families (Adults) .......................................................................................150 Coleoptera Family Descriptions...............................................................................................155 DIPTERA ...........................................................................................................................................168 Key to Diptera Families (Larvae).............................................................................................170 Diptera Family Descriptions.....................................................................................................184 APPENDICES...................................................................................................................................199 Summary of Aquatic Invertebrates..........................................................................................200 Orientations.................................................................................................................................206 Feeding Groups and Habitats ..................................................................................................207 Glossary .......................................................................................................................................209 List of References.......................................................................................................................213 Illustration Acknowledgements................................................................................................216 iii Guide to Aquatic Invertebrate Families of Mongolia | 2012 FOREWORD TO MONGOLIAN GUIDE This taxonomic key will permit identification of macroinvertebrates to the family level and is intended for use by students, teachers, other volunteers, or anyone who requires that level of identification. Illustrations have been developed to highlight distinguishing characteristics that will INTRODUCTION increase accuracy and consistency. It is designed to help volunteers strengthen their identification skills and, in conjunction with a well-designed monitoring program and proper field protocols, will improve the quality of biological data that can be used for decision-making. Biological communities serve as good indicators of overall stream health. Macroinvertebrates may spend years maturing in the stream. Thus, the size and diversity of their population reflect an integration of stream conditions that may occur during their life cycles, such as water chemistry, habitat characteristics, and changes in water flow, temperature, or velocity. Certain species are intolerant of pollution and will be absent from streams with degraded water quality or habitat. Biological monitoring adds a significant component to the overall assessment of stream health, but it requires training in proper sampling and identification, specialized equipment, access to a microscope, and appropriate interpretation of biological indices. The information gained by sampling macroinvertebrates can help the government, natural resource professionals, and local decision makers gain a better understanding of the health of water resources. At the same time, students,