Observations of natural oyster reef formation and management options with references to the West River, East River, Neck River, Hammonasset River, Pochaug River, Menunketsuck River, Oyster River and Connecticut River in central coastal Connecticut, USA. A Review of Fisheries Histories For Natural Oyster Populations in Tidal Rivers Adult Education Program – Fourth Annual Meeting of CT Shellfish Commissions January 12, 2008 By Timothy C. Visel, Coordinator The Sound School Regional Vocational Aquaculture Center Text prepared by Susan Weber & Alexandra Disla Diagrams and Citations by Susan Weber The Sound School, December 2007 Abstract One of the first underwater photographic studies of a natural CT oyster bed was conducted by Peter Auster in 1984. A photographic dive survey of the Neck River in Madison, Connecticut, showed that natural oyster beds supported a complex structure of oyster reef dwelling organisms. With current discussions of habitat structure and biological diversity, now termed “environmental services,” the value of oyster habitats is being discussed again. A series of ten summarized fisheries histories are reviewed for several natural oyster beds. Natural is described by Connecticut law and local municipal jurisdiction as populations that have been self-sustaining since the commencement of Colonial records. In this way, information from local fishermen and coastal residents may shed some light on the habitat values, ecology, management and impacts of development upon these natural oyster populations. Key words: Natural tidal river oyster beds (Crassostrea virginica) ecology and environmental services, finfish habitat associations, management programs, local shellfish commissions, potential habitat restoration of areas navigationally dredged, shellfish declines from eutrophication. Foreword This paper represents a compilation of meetings, conversations and field studies of river tidal natural oyster populations between 1971 and 1989. It reviews oyster harvesting and some oral fishery histories in the Towns of Guilford, Madison, Clinton, Westbrook and Old Saybrook, all of which are located in central coastal Connecticut Whenever possible, I have tried to reconstruct conversations, meetings and shellfish surveys to the best degree my memory can sustain. Some of the events have supporting information such as letters, newspaper articles and photography/slides. More recent studies include a slide series made by Peter Auster and underwater videos by Robert DeGoursey and Patricia Meyers, both of the University of Connecticut in the 1980’s. All of the interviews and conversations were from residents who lived near oyster populations or had actively fished them. Some occurred during a period I had conducted some commercial oystering, while others before and some while being employed by the University of Massachusetts, University of Rhode Island and finally the University of Connecticut in the early 1980’s. I tried to limit my personal experiences from this work and note in the report when observations or previous work was mine or done by others. This is especially true for the section regarding the Oyster River in Old Saybrook. It is my hope to assist researchers desiring to better understand habitat associations and perhaps restore productivity to areas that have sustained resource loss. I want to acknowledge all of these individuals, some of whom are no longer with us, and others for their time and their willingness to discuss the topic. They include: o Mr. Robert Post, Chairperson, Westbrook Shellfish Committee o Mr. Wommack, Neck River resident, recreational boater, Madison o Mr. Charles Beebe, East River Marina, Owner, Madison o Mr. Joseph Dolan, Oyster grower, restaurant owner, Guilford o Mr. Frank Dolan, Oyster grower, restaurant owner, Guilford o Mr. Anthony Ronzo, recreational fisherman, Old Saybrook o Mr. Howard Clark, Bait and Tackle Store owner, Old Saybrook o Mr. Nate Walston, commercial fisherman, Oyster Ground Committee member, Guilford, CT o Mr. George McNeil, former oyster grower, Clinton, CT o Robert Ketchale, Member, Guilford Shellfish Commission o Mr. Scott Wakeman, natural growth oyster harvester, Fairfield, CT Without their help, I would not have the ability to present this information as part of a continuing discussion of natural oyster bed ecology and management. 2 -Special Note- The late 1960’s and early 1970’s were a difficult time for inshore shell fishermen in Connecticut. Many of the long-standing local fisheries for shellfish, especially oysters had been closed due to water pollution (although many believed the water wasn’t as bad as portrayed); it was a loss, nevertheless. Emotions ran high about that, the loss of livelihood, either part time or full time, or that economic “in need” time. Several spoke of the fact that if money was “short,” you could always go and tong some oysters – now that opportunity was gone. Others had seen commercial fishing opportunities reduced, the striped bass, for example, and the decline of the winter scallop fisheries in Niantic Bay, sought after by many Old Saybrook small boat fishermen. It all meant fewer opportunities to earn a living from the sea, and some were angry about it. Least of all, they as a group, felt powerless to communicate the impact of these changes that tended to alienate them from a vocal or active part in the management of their resources. In 1974-75, the winter flounder inshore fishery collapsed in Connecticut from habitat loss, over fishing and eutrophication, taking another small boat fishery from a narrowing list of income producing activities. By 1978, this anger spilled out in the local newspapers which covered pollution and commercial fishing interests that supplied local seafood for local markets. An August 29, 1978 Shoreline Times newspaper article summed up the situation with an headline that read “Clam Diggers, Oysterman Struggle To Battle A Bushel Of Problems.” In the early 1980’s, some seafood establishments began to advertise, “non-state” or worse, “ No Connecticut-bought shellfish” as localities and recreational shell fishermen first began to see “No Shellfishing” signs posted along the waterfront. To the shell fishermen, this was visual salt into an open wound; to recreational fishermen it was a loss of a long time family pastime; for others, it was an end to a part of their summers along the shore. All these activities tended to polarize the shell fishermen and consumers as they sought to have a role in shell fishing decisions. Connecticut shellfish was a “good” food that they sought to continue to eat. Some of the anger was created by shellfish closures: “we had no warning,” or “no one ever told us the water was bad,” or “some test was bad so they closed the water.” These were the types of comments that were made. In Old Saybrook, shell fishing continued both recreationally and commercially for several years after shellfish closures because of a lack of testing or information. It was commonly accepted by the simple view, how could the water be okay on “Tuesday but closed on Wednesday” – it was too sudden and seemingly indiscriminant. The lack of trust was pervasive. 3 Despite what was often reported in several press articles, the local commercial fishermen, led by natural growthers in the west, were asking about the right to manage the resource and not merely to use it. Although this cooperative management approach was mentioned as a new initiative, Mr. Joseph Dolan, during one late 1970’s conversation, went into his Whitfield Street, Guilford home and showed me a 1949 newspaper article with the almost identical cooperative management proposal from 30 years earlier. Unfortunately, the “resource user” viewpoint was difficult to overcome as the notion of resource “taking” was often outside of the food producing, seafood consumer viewpoint. Commercial fishermen often had to argue for both the consumer who could be many miles away from the coast or in another state, and as the producer the harvester of the resource. After all, a large part of the then coastal shore economy was dependent upon the “summer trade,” and seafood was a large part of the vacationing summertime experience. Connecticut also had its factions, and differences between local and non-resident shellfish fisheries’ viewpoint of sustainability. Shellfishing was very different than most capture fisheries -- oystering in particular resembled farming; even the language was similar - “seed” and “transplant”, “cultivate” and “grow out” were agricultural terms. You could survey the “crop,” and in some cases, modify predation, thin out crowded areas and move seed to where there was none. That represented types of aquaculture – extensive, but aquaculture nonetheless. Natural growth was just that, “natural” and that often divided resource manager’s opinions. To be successful, management efforts by shellfishermen, town agencies and state/federal agencies required cooperation. For the first time, fishermen were being asked to participate in these resource management decisions. Joe Dolan, a Guilford oyster grower, spoke at one meeting when the Madison & Guilford Shellfish Commissions met jointly in response to a suggestion of closing the lower East River to oystering. Responding to the motion, Mr. Dolan said “That’s like fencing off the stumps after the forest has been cut; what you really need to do is plant more trees, not protect the stumps.” His comment sums up precisely the difference in management philosophies between a sustainable renewable resource and a traditional