Enhancing School Zone and School Bus Safety Jaeyoung Lee, Ph.D., PI Assistant Professor and Safety Program Director Mohamed Abdel-Aty, Ph.D., P.E., Co-PI Pegasus Professor & Chair Md Hasibur Rahman PhD Student Department of Civil, Environment and Construction Engineering Enhancing School Zone and School Bus Safety Jaeyoung Lee, Ph.D., PI Assistant Professor and Safety Program Director Center for Advanced Transportation Systems Simulation Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering University of Central Florida http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1211-688X Mohamed Abdel-Aty, Ph.D., Co-PI Pegasus Professor & Chair Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering University of Central Florida http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4838-1573 Md Hasibur Rahman Ph.D. Student Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering University of Central Florida http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5387-7365 A Report on Research Sponsored by SAFER-SIM University Transportation Center Federal Grant No: 69A3551747131 August 2018 iii DISCLAIMER The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The report is funded, partially or entirely, by a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s University Transportation Centers Program. However, the U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. iv Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... viii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 0 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................ 1 2.1 Speeding in School Zones .......................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Effectiveness of Various Signs in School Zones ......................................................................... 1 2.3 Environmental and Geometric Design ....................................................................................... 3 3 Selection of the Study Area ................................................................................................................. 5 3.1 Data Collection .......................................................................................................................... 5 3.2 Data Processing ......................................................................................................................... 5 4 Microsimulation Network ................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 Data collection ........................................................................................................................... 8 4.2 Network Building in VISSIM ..................................................................................................... 10 4.2.1 Microsimulation Area ................................................................................................. 10 4.2.2 Network Coding .......................................................................................................... 10 4.2.3 Traffic Data Input ........................................................................................................ 12 4.2.4 VISSIM Network .......................................................................................................... 16 4.3 Calibration ............................................................................................................................... 16 5 Proposed Methodologies .................................................................................................................. 19 5.1 Two-Step Speed Reduction (TSR) ............................................................................................ 19 5.2 Decreasing the Number of Driveways (DD) ............................................................................. 20 5.3 Replace TWLTL with Raised Median (RM) ............................................................................... 22 6 Surrogate Measures of Safety ........................................................................................................... 23 7 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 26 8 Summary and Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 34 9 Follow-up Research Topics ................................................................................................................ 35 v References ............................................................................................................................................... 36 vi List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Previous crash statistics in school zones in the United States (source: FARS data) .................. 0 Figure 3.1 - Total Crashes of the Ten School Zones ...................................................................................... 6 Figure 3.2 - DVMT of the Ten School Zones .................................................................................................. 7 Figure 3.3 - Crash Rate of the Ten School Zones .......................................................................................... 7 Figure 4.1 - Vehicle Composition in the Morning and Afternoon ................................................................. 8 Figure 4.2 - Vehicle Composition Eastbound and Westbound ..................................................................... 8 Figure 4.3 - Vehicle Composition by Morning and Afternoon for Eastbound and Westbound ................... 9 Figure 4.4 - Directional Distribution during Morning and Afternoon ........................................................... 9 Figure 4.5 - Microsimulation Area .............................................................................................................. 10 Figure 4.6 - Description of Link in VISSIM ................................................................................................... 11 Figure 4.7 - Roadway Segments Coded in VISSIM ...................................................................................... 12 Figure 4.8 – Two-Way Left-Turn Lane in VISSIM ......................................................................................... 12 Figure 4.9 - Hourly Traffic Volume .............................................................................................................. 13 Figure 4.10 - CDF of PC and HV/SB on South John Young Pkwy ................................................................. 14 Figure 4.11 - Desired Speed Distribution in VISSIM .................................................................................... 15 Figure 4.12 - Data Collection Points in VISSIM ............................................................................................ 16 Figure 4.13 - Microsimulation Network in VISSIM ...................................................................................... 16 Figure 5.1 - Two-Step Speed-Reduction Procedure .................................................................................... 19 Figure 5.2 - Reducing Driveway Access ....................................................................................................... 21 Figure 5.3 - TWLTL to Raised Median ......................................................................................................... 22 Figure 7.1 - Average Value of TET, TIT and TERCRI for All Sub-scenarios. .................................................. 26 Figure 7.2 - Distribution of TET (a), TIT (b), TERCRI (c) for the Best Three Sub-scenarios with Base Scenarios and the Value of TET, TIT, TERCRI for the Best Three Sub-scenarios with Base Scenario (d). ... 33 vii List of Tables Table 2.1- Criterion for establishing school speed limits .............................................................................. 1 Table 3.1- Top Ten Schools Based on Crash Rate ......................................................................................... 5 Table 7.1 - Summary Statistics of TET and TIT ............................................................................................ 27 Table 7.2 - Summary Statistics of TERCRI ................................................................................................... 28 Table 7.3 - One-Way ANOVA Analysis of TET, TIT, and TERCRI. ................................................................. 29 Table 7.4 - Sensitivity Analysis of Different Values of TTC Threshold ......................................................... 31 Table 7.5 - Sensitivity