1 Territories of Life • 2021 REPORT ICCA Consortium 2 “When I was a young boy and tuktuit were always close by, I could not believe my Photo: Michael Ferguson elders when they told me These harvesting journeys were extensive, moving up to 375 km inland and often lasting an entire year, so that there Qikiqtaaluk the harvesters could return with dried meat and skins for winter clothing for their extended families living would be no on the coast. Sometimes they could not find tuktuit, caribou when I Inuit and tuktuit on Baffin Island in Arctic Canada but survived by catching small songbirds, like snow buntings, in summer. Some Inuit found starving by would have to others would be escorted back to coastal communities Author(s):1 Michael Ferguson, Kolola Pitsiulak, Adamie Nuna, David Irngaut, Phillip Manik Sr., Eli Kavik and James Qillaq, where they would recover on seals, whales, fish and feed children for the Qikiqtaaluk Wildlife Board (QWB) bears. Some never returned. The summer skins of tuktuit were critical to stay warm during the depths of of my own; winter. Speaking of the importance of tuktuit and their but later when Three late Inuit elders, Abraham Etungat of Kinngait, predicted abundance of tuktuit during the 1980s and Lucassie Nutaraluk of Iqaluit, and Etuangat Aksayuk 1990s. But then, being elders, they in turn predicted I became an 1 Michael Ferguson has been the Senior Wildlife Advisor for the of Pangnirtung, all told similar stories about tuktuit the next cyclical decline, which began in the late 1990s Qikiqtaaluk Wildlife Board since early 2017. From 1981 to 2005, he (caribou) from when they were young children living and early 2000s. The abundance has remained low had been a wildlife biologist for the governments of the Northwest elder myself, Territories and Nunavut working with Inuit of Qikiqtaaluk and other along different parts of the coast of Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin into the late 2010s, but Inuit are reporting signs that Arctic islands on tuktuit, muskoxen and other wildlife. He lived in there would be Island) in the 1910s and 1920s: the next slow recovery has began, again just as Inuit Iqaluit on southern Qikiqtaaluk for 7 years, and then in Pond Inlet on northern Qikiqtaaluk for 17 years. elders predicted. Kolola Pitsiulak is the Executive Director of the QWB, Kimmirut, many caribou “When I was a young boy and tuktuit were always Nunavut. close by, I could not believe my elders when they told Inuit and their ancestors have harvested tuktuit on Adamie Nuna, David Irngaut, Phillip Manik Sr. and Eli Kavik are Executive again. They told me that there would be no caribou when I would have the interior of Qikiqtaaluk for at least 3,500 years.2 members of the QWB. James Qillaq is the Chairperson of the QWB, Clyde River, Nunavut. to feed children of my own; but later when I became Archaeologists have found ancient human habitation the truth.” The Qikiqtaaluk Wildlife Board is a Member organisation of the ICCA an elder myself, there would be many caribou again. sites in important tuktuit habitats still known by Inuit Consortium. 3 They told the truth.” elders today. In Inuktitut (the language and culture The QWB Executive approved the draft of this manuscript during a telephone meeting on May 7, 2020. of Inuit), Inuit can paint maps with words, having Inuit elders Abraham Etungat, 2 As predicted by their elders, Abraham, Lucassie, evolved in an environment lacking paper and pencils. Milne, S.B., R.W. Park and D.R. Stenton. 2012. Dorset culture land use Lucassie Nutaraluk and Etuangat Etuangat and many other Inuit experienced the During past decades when tuktuit were rare, as in strategies and the case of inland southern Baffin Island. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 36: 267–288. Aksayuk scarcity of tuktuit on Qikiqtaaluk in the 1940s and the 1940s, Inuit travelled by dog sled to special places 3 Park, R.W., S.B. Milne and D.R. Stenton. 2017. Burin and spall use at an 1950s as they tried to feed their young families. Later where, according to their elders, there could be some inland arctic small tool tradition site, southern Baffin Island, Nunavut. Photo: Jacob Balzani Lööv as elders themselves, they experienced the long- tuktuit when there were no tuktuit anywhere else. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 41:63–78. Online version: report.territoriesoflife.org 3 Territories of Life • 2021 REPORT ICCA Consortium 4 18 Million Custodians: 10 Inuit Qikiqtaaluk hectares communities of Wildlife Board (proposed) Qikiqtaaluk Photo: Michael Ferguson scarcity during the 1940s, the late Elijah Keenianak of tuktuit on Qikiqtaaluk, which were then seen in the late Pangnirtung simply said: 1980s and 1990s. More changes were seen by the early 2000s, leading harvesters and elders to anticipate the “Everybody was cold. Nobody knew where the next major decline in the population from about 2006 to tuktuit were.” 2020, a period of scarcity similar to that of the 1940s and 1950s. Consequently, in 2004 to 2005, five communities Using Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (Inuit traditional and on southern Qikiqtaaluk worked with the Nunavut recent knowledge), elders anticipate changes in the government to develop a plan to manage tuktuit during tuktuit population on Qikiqtaaluk, based on observed this period of scarcity. However, the government failed changes in distribution, movements, habitat selection to implement the plan. Figure 1. Qikiqtaaluk, Inuit and body condition. Inuit and their ancestors have been and tukuit – placenames and successfully monitoring and managing Qikiqtaaluk’s 4 features. Map: Michael Ferguson tuktuit for thousands of years. In the early 1980s, Inuit Qikiqtaaluk: its people and ecosystems elders predicted cyclical changes in the distributions of Qikiqtaaluk is the world’s fifth largest island with more than 507,000 sq km of Arctic tundra, ice caps, glaciers and lakes. It makes up about one-fourth of the Canadian territory of Nunavut, and forms part of the extensive circumpolar homelands of the Inuit. With a culture and technologies adapted for life on Arctic tundra and waters, the ancestors of the Inuit expanded their range perhaps 4,000 years ago from the northeastern edges “Everybody was of Asia eastward across the tundra ecosystems of North cold. Nobody America. Inuit probably reached eastern Greenland about 800 years ago. The human population of Nunavut knew where the was about 30,100 (85% Inuit) in 2016. Inuit who have traditionally depended on Qikiqtaaluk’s tuktuit live in tuktuit were.” 10 communities on or near the coasts of Qikiqtaaluk. In Elijah Keenianak of Pangnirtung Pond Inlet, northern Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut, on Inuit camp while harvesting tuktuit in the fiords of 4 Ferguson, M.A.D., and Messier, F. 1997. Collection and analysis of Eclipse Sound looking north to Bylot Island. northeastern Qikiqtaaluk. Photo: Michael Ferguson traditional ecological knowledge about a population of arctic tundra Photo: Michael Ferguson caribou. Arctic 50: 17–28. Online version: report.territoriesoflife.org 5 Territories of Life • 2021 REPORT ICCA Consortium 6 2016, these 10 communities had a total population of for an additional 18 million tonnes annually, for a total goose colony (15,775 sq km), is a massive flat wetland 18,378 people, 14,335 being Inuit (78%).5 of 500% of recent production.7,8 In addition, extensive lying along Foxe Basin. The Foxe Basin lowlands extend exploration for diamonds,9 gold10 and other minerals are both north and south of the Great Plain over a distance Despite increasing outside influences from the south, on-going on Qikiqtaaluk. of more than 1,000 km. Besides many other waterfowl, Inuit traditions and cultural values for tuktuit and other terns, gulls and shorebirds, about 1.75 million snow wildlife remain important and largely intact. In Nunavut, Qikiqtaaluk holds diverse landscapes and ecosystems, geese, 33 per cent of the world’s population, breed on the taking of wildlife by Inuit for subsistence food and home to many Arctic animal species. Baffin Bay and the Great Plain. The waters of Foxe Basin are home to cultural uses is called “harvesting”. Harvesting of wildlife Davis Strait off the eastern coast hold important Qikiqtaaluk’s largest aiviq (walrus) population, besides in Nunavut and other Arctic regions continues to be populations of polar bears, seals, narwhal, bowhead many other marine mammals and birds The Great Plain important for food sovereignty and daily nutrition of whales, beluga, seabirds and eiders, all important food and all the coastal wetlands around Foxe Basin are Inuit.6 Among Inuit of Qikiqtaaluk and other regions, and cultural resources for Inuit. important post-calving habitats for tuktuit with lush successful harvesters who can feed their families and sedges, grasses and other plants during summer, but others in their communities are highly respected. Eastern Qikiqtaaluk has a 1,650-km-long mountainous their winter forage is not accessible here during winter spine with deep fiords and glaciers, including the due to the hard, unbroken wind-blown snow cover. Monetary employment remains very limited in most Barnes Ice Cap; this last remnant North American communities (with some wages from government, Glaciation with ice over 20,000 years old has started In addition to the Barnes Ice Cap lying between the retail, transportation, tourism, crafts and related sectors). to melt rapidly in recent years.11 Today, this mountain lowlands around Foxe Basin and Qikiqtaaluk’s eastern An underground lead-zinc mine had been active on range impacts the climate of Qikiqtaaluk as weather mountains, the world’s largest lake on an island, Natsilik northern Qikiqtaaluk from 1976 to 2002 but provided systems from the west shed moisture across rising (Nettilling Lake), covers some 5,540 sq km.12 To the economic benefits to few Inuit. In 2015, Baffinland elevations, with drier, windier and cooler air over the south lies another large lake, Ammaqjuaq (Amadjuak opened an open-pit iron-ore mine on northern eastern mountains.