MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY CONTENTS. Publication 5. Introduction. .......................................................................3 Geological Series 3. Late uplift and tilting of northern countries .....................3 Characteristic marks of wave action on shores .............3 THE LATE GLACIAL AND POST GLACIAL The abandoned shore lines about the Laurentian Lakes..............................................................................7 UPLIFT OF THE MICHIGAN BASIN Mackinac Island a record of abandoned shores ............8 Early studies which proved the uplift and tilting of the lake region......................................................................9 EARTHQUAKES IN MICHIGAN The succession of ancient lakes in the St. Lawrence BY basin explained by the initial blocking and later WM. HERBERT HOBBS successive unblockings of different natural outlets for the water by the continental glacier .............................13 Gilbert's prophecy of a future reversal of the St. Lawrence drainage to its earlier Chicago outlet...........15 Modification of this prediction to account for hinge lines north of the Chicago outlet ..................................15 The warping of the ancient beaches ............................16 The relatively recent general introduction of precise levelling methods .........................................................16 Additional hinge lines ...................................................16 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE The author's study of ancient beaches about the BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1910 northern end of Green Bay. .............................................17 Conditions of the work..................................................17 LANSING, MICHIGAN Bay de Noc Peninsula..................................................17 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS West shore of Little Bay de Noc...................................19 1911 The Garden Peninsula .................................................20 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, Clamshell Harbor .........................................................21 1911. Burnt Bluff.....................................................................23 Summer Island .............................................................23 EX OFFICIO: St. Martins Island .........................................................23 THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE, HON. CHASE S. OSBORN, President. Conclusions based upon the observed data. ..................23 The bent water planes..................................................23 THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, HON. L. L. WRIGHT, Secretary. The manner of the uplift ...............................................24 Comparison of the Laurentian Basin with Scandinavia24 THE PRESIDENT OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, HON. D. M. FERRY, JUNIOR. A block movement of uptilt ...........................................24 DIRECTOR, R. C. ALLEN. SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS. Geologists.—Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Houghton; Prof. W. H. Hobbs, Ann Arbor; Prof. W. H. Sherzer, Ypsilanti Botanists.—Prof. E. A. Bessey, East Lansing; Prof. F. C. Newcomb, Ann Arbor. Zoologists.—Prof. W. B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J. Reighard, Ann Arbor; Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit. Publication 5, Geological Series 3 -- Part 1 – Page 1 of 26 Figure 22. Beach ridge on the battle field of Mackinac Island LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. now a part of the golf links (after a photograph by Taylor)..............................................................................9 Figures. Figure 23. A notched stack near the railroad at St. Ignace on the straits of Mackinac (after photograph by Taylor). .......9 Figure 1. The Alexander archipelago on the Alaskan coast, a depressed coast line.........................................................3 Figure 24. A view of Boyer bluff, Door County, Wisconsin (after Goldthwait)..............................................................9 Figure 2. Part of the coast of Florida, the relatively even coast line of an elevated shore. .................................................4 Figure 25. View at Ephraim, Door County, Wisconsin (after Goldthwait).....................................................................10 Figure 3. The coast of Maine with its estuaries indicating depression, which estuaries are extended inland by beds Figure 26. An abandoned cliff and terrace in drift materials at of marine clay bordering the streams and proving a Sawyer, Wisconsin (after Goldthwait). ...........................10 subsequent uplift (after Stone). ........................................4 Figure 27. Sketch map of Lake Superior showing the localities Figure 4. Farwell's Point, a notched cliff on Lake Mendota, where indications of canting of the basin are to be Wisconsin .........................................................................4 observed. .......................................................................12 Figure 5. A sea arch and small coves on the shore of one of Figure 28. Portion of the inner Sandusky Bay affording a the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior (after a photograph by comparison of the shore line of 1820 with that of today the Detroit Photographic Co.) ...........................................5 (after E. L. Moseley).......................................................12 Figure 6. A stack on the shore of Lake Superior (after a Figure 29. Map of the Great Lakes district to illustrate the uplift photograph by the Detroit Photographic Co.). ..................5 and tilting of the basin ....................................................13 Figure 7. A cliff cut by waves in loose materials and Figure 30. First stage of the ancient lakes in the Laurentian maintaining the angle of repose for such materials. The basin, (after Taylor and Leverett). ..................................14 beach at Scituate, Mass. (after Shaler). ...........................5 Figure 31. Second stage of the lakes in the Laurentian basin Figure 8. Profile of a cut and built terrace on a steep rocky (after Taylor and Leverett)..............................................14 shore ................................................................................5 Figure 32. Lakes Algonquin and Iroquois, with outlet to the Figure 9. Profile of cut and built terrace on a steep shore Atlantic by way of the Mohawk valley (after Taylor and formed of loose material. ..................................................6 Leverett).........................................................................14 Figure 10. Plan of a steep rocky headland which has been Figure 33. The Nipissing Great Lakes with outlets through the attacked by the waves so as to produce coves and stacks Ottawa river to the Atlantic (after Taylor and Leverett)...15 as well as a, beach to leeward. ........................................6 Figure 34. Diagram showing the manner of opening out Figure 11. Crescent form characteristic of a beach. Lake ("feathering") of beaches as they are followed northward Mendota, Wisconsin. ........................................................6 (after Goldthwait)............................................................16 Figure 12. A storm beach of chipped stone about five feet high Figure 35. Sample section of beach ridges and terraces above built up beneath Burnt Bluff on the northeast shore of Lake Michigan in Door County, Wisconsin (after Green Bay. .......................................................................6 Goldthwait).....................................................................16 Figure 13. Characteristic form of beach pebble.......................6 Figure 36. Diagrams to illustrate the uplift of the Laurentian basin. .............................................................................17 Fig. 14. Spit at AuTrain Island, Lake Superior (after Gilbert)...7 Figure 37. Outline representation of Goldthwait's section of the Figure 15. Section of a barrier with characteristic steep deformed ancient strands found in the Door County landward and gentle seaward slope. ................................7 peninsula, Wisconsin and extended northward upon the Figure 16. Barriers in series with partially filled lagoons basis of earlier data........................................................17 behind...............................................................................7 Figure 38. Map of the greater part of Green Bay...................18 Figure 17. University Bay on Lake Mendota at Madison, Figure 39. Map of the north shore of Green Bay showing the Wisconsin. A filled lagoon behind a barrier, with bar positions of profiles. .......................................................18 formed in front (Map by Wisconsin Geological Survey)....7 Figure 40. Series of profiles on west shore of Bay de Noc Figure 18. Series of barriers and partially filled lagoons at Peninsula. ......................................................................18 Duluth, Minn.. ...................................................................8 Figure 41. Profile of the high terrace composed of fluvio- Figure 19. View of Mackinac Island from the direction of St. glacial materials west of Little Bay de Noc. ....................20 Ignace...............................................................................8 Figure 42. Profiles made on the west shore of Little Bay de Figure 20. The sugar loaf, a stack in an earlier lake, as seen Noc.................................................................................20 from the