The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Labor Series DANIEL L. HOROWITZ Interviewer: Herbert Weiner Initial interview date: May 27, 1994 Copyright 1998 A ST TABLE OF CONTENTS Mr Horowitz was the first Labor Attach# in the United States Foreign Service Early Years: Masters Degree from New York University Research Division, National Labor Relations -oard .9012.903 New York State Labor Department .9032.909 New York State Labor Relations -oard .909 Harvard University, Littauer Fellow in Public Administration Harvard University, Senior Labor Professor .942 Trade Union Fellowship Program6 E7ecutive Director and Professor National 8ar Labor -oard: Trouble Shooter, New England region .9422.940 8ashington, DC: Department of State .940 Establishment of E7perimental Labor Program in State Department Establish :Au7iliary; Labor Officers Views of Ambassador Messersmith Views of Ambassador Claude -owers Views of Labor Department Isador Lubin Sam -erger US Labor Unions Santiago, Chile: Labor Attach# .9402.941 Circular Instruction to Embassies John Fishburn Embassy?s reception Contact development Nitrates 1 Germany relationship US security concerns Reporting and representation programs Government Trade Union movement Communists and Socialists French influence :Falange; Graciella Mandujano Labor reporting E7pansion of Labor Attach# Program worldwide Earl y Labor Attach#s and their assignments State Department: Intelligence Organization Project .941 State Department: Dept of International Labor, Health and .9412.9A1 8elfare Affairs Organization Assigning Labor Attach#s Philip Baiser David Morse Labor Department role Relations with geographic bureaus Relations with US Trade Unions US Labor leaders Free Trade Union Committee International Trade Unions Trade Unions and the Marshall Plan 8est European Trade Unions AFL2CIO relations Labor officers to US foreign aid programs Greek2Turkish aid program Unions in EastC8est Germany Soviet Union and East Europe Cold 8ar Lou 8iesner CGT DFrench Trade UnionE Trade Union Congress DTUCE Italian trade unions Reorganization of Labor Attach# assignments Jewish attach#s in Middle East countries Leave of Absence 2 Rome, Italy: Research .9492.9A. Italian labor unions Influence of US labor unions US government and labor union relationship European governments and labor union relationship Issues with Franco?s Spain Memorandum re strengthening European non2communist Labor organizations Tom Lane Communist labor unions AFLCC IO differences AFL Anti2Colonial policy Franco Spanish labor union leaders State Department DContinuedE McCarthyism Scott McLeod European emigration Refugee Relief Act Dennis Flinn Robert Mu Leave of Absence Research and travel .9AA2.9A1 Paris, France: Labor Attach# .9A12.910 Dick Eldridge Algeria De Gaulle Force Ouvriere French labor unions General strikes Communist Party -othereau Irving -rown New Delhi: Labor Attach# .9102.912 Hind Mazdoor Sabha DHMS, Indian Socialist UnionE Mahadeov Singh Singh?s US visit Indian National Trade Union Congress DINTUCE Congress Party 3 The National 8ar College .9122.910 Confusion regarding assignment The Hague: Political Counselor .9102.91A University of Bansas: Diplomat in Residence .91A2.911 State Department: Coordinator, National Interdepartmental Seminar .9112.919 State Department: FSI: Dean for Academic Relations .9192.93. State Department: Special Assistant to the Secretary of State .93.2.930 For International Labor Affairs Labor Attach# ProgramCForeign Service integration -ill Cargo Report Training program -ill Hall Labor role in foreign policy AID International Labor Office Congressional interest in Attach# appointments -ill Macomber Trade Union International Committee Commercial Attach# Naples, Italy: Consul General .9302.93A United States Representative to the International Labor Organization .93A2 G DILOE, and Special Assistant to the Secretary of Labor for ILO Affairs US withdrawal from ILO John Dunlop US Policy Committee Arab countries Communist influence Operations Conflict over USCILO relationship -ill Maynes US rejoins ILO General comments on the Foreign Service and Labor Attach#s INTERVIEW 4 Q: Today is May 27, 1994. This is Herbert Weiner interviewing Dr. Daniel L. Horowitz for the Labor Diplomacy Oral History Program. Dr. Horowitz was the first Labor Attach- in the American Foreign Service. Dr. Horowitz will now give his personal bac/ground which led up to his participation in the Labor Attach- Program. HORO8ITH: Like most career selections, I suppose, my own, in regard to the Foreign Service, was by chance The background, however, involves the kinds of positions I held prior to being included in the Foreign Service I had graduated from New York University, got my MasterIs Degree there in political science and labor economics, and had a series of jobs after graduation which involved work in the labor field My first job was with the Research Division of the National Labor Relations -oard in its very early days of .901 and .903 8ith the Labor Department of the State of New York I helped set up minimum wages for women during .903, .908, and early .909 In early .909 I transferred to the New York State Labor Relations -oard as a field e7aminer I worked there for several years, then took leave to go to Harvard to continue my graduate work as a Littauer Fellow in public administration There I completed my doctoral work and was asked by Professor Sumner Slichter, the senior labor professor at the university, to stay on and become part of a new program which he developed Starting in the fall of .942, he had raised money for a program which became and still continues as the Trade Union Fellowship Program At the time the fellowship program was limited to American trade unionists, unionists who had had at least ten years e7perience on a national level, and being Harvard, it was not to be like the typical university trade union training program It was to be for the development of the national leaders of the American trade union movement In any event, the group started in the fall of that year I had the responsibility of e7ecutive director of the program and taught two of the courses in the program: techniques of collective bargaining and labor history During that first year, as the Second 8orld 8ar was under way, the National 8ar Labor -oard had set up a regional office in New England I became a principal trouble shooter for settling labor disputes in the New England area, which I did in addition to my responsibilities at Harvard At the end of the school year in the spring of .940, I made a short trip to 8ashington to visit my brother, and when Professor Slichter learned that I was going to 8ashington, he asked that I look up an e72student of his, who he had heard had recently transferred from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of State, and that at the Department of State, he was doing something in the labor field I agreed to look up Otis Mulliken and did I got in touch with Otis Mulliken in 8ashington, had lunch with him, saw him again in the State Department, and he e7plained that he had been hired in the State Department, because the 8hite House had recommended to the State Department that it develop a program in the labor field Apparently in the 8hite House, there had been consideration of post2war problems in international affairs, and one of the things which they gave importance to was the fact that labor, both in its trade union aspect and in its political aspect, would have important influence on foreign policy in these countries, both in 5 determining the nature of the problems as well as the policies themselves, and that we had better develop specialists in the Foreign Service who had the background and e7perience to handle this area in foreign policy At the time, the Foreign Service was made up of generalists without any long2time specialization in any particular field During the war the government had begun to hire as Lau7iliaryL officers specialists of various sorts to fulfill its needs abroad And so in the field of labor, it was decided in the 8hite House to recommend to the State Department that they do the same in the labor field, starting it off as an e7perimental program Mulliken e7plained all this background to me, and said that he found the process a very interesting one at the State Department because there was, by and large, little understanding of this range of problems in State, and that he was discussing how to get an e7perimental program under way It would start in Latin America since it was the only area of the world where one had both a normal, that is a non2war, situation, as well as several countries with important trade union movements and political parties of the left influenced by labor He also introduced me to several people in the State Department who were then concerned with the problems, and we discussed the various aspects of it, purely in terms of a basic interest that I reflected without ever feeling that I was involved personally in the program In any event, after my return to Cambridge some weeks later, I received a telephone call from Mulliken saying that it had been decided finally in State to proceed with the e7perimental program, that the program would be started either in Me7ico or in Chile, and he wanted to know whether I would be interested in conducting the e7periment I hadnIt thought about working in foreign affairs previously, but having been turned down by the Army for physical reasons and feeling uncomfortable in the academic atmosphere