O SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE IN THE APPEALS CHAMBER Before : Justice George Gelaga King, Presiding Judge Justice Emmanuel Ayoola Justice Renate Winter Justice Raja Fernando Justice Jon M. Kamanda Registrar : Herman von Hebel Date : 28 May 2008 PROSECUTOR Against MOININA FOFANA ALLIEU KONDEWA (Case No.SCSL-04-14-A) JUDGMENT Office of the Prosecutor : Defence Counsel for Moinina Fofana: Stephen Rapp Wilfred Davidson Bola-Carrol Christopher Staker Mohamed Pa-Momo Fofana Karim Agha Joseph Kamara Defence Counsel for Allieu Kondewa : Régine Gachoud Yada Williams Elisabeth Baumgartner Osman Jalloh Bridget Osho Francis Banks-Kamara PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/b31512/ CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 2 A. THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE ..................................................................................... 2 B. PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................ 3 1. The Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone: The Kamajors and the Civil Defence Forces ............... 3 (a) The Kamajors ........................................................................................................................... 3 (b) The Civil Defence Forces ........................................................................................................ 4 2. The Indictment ......................................................................................................................... 5 3. The Charges ............................................................................................................................. 6 4. Summary of the Judgment ....................................................................................................... 9 5. The Verdict and Sentences..................................................................................................... 10 C. THE APPEAL ............................................................................................................................... 11 1. Notices of Appeal .................................................................................................................. 11 2. The Grounds of Appeal .......................................................................................................... 12 D. SOME GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON APPELLATE REVIEW .................................................................. 13 II. ISSUES ARISING IN BOTH APPEALS ................................................................................. 16 A. PROSECUTION ’S THIRD AND FOURTH GROUNDS OF APPEAL AND KONDEWA ’S FOURTH GROUND OF APPEAL : INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 6(1) OF THE STATUTE ....................................................................................................................... 16 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 16 2. Preliminary Issue: Scope of the Prosecution’s Appeal .......................................................... 18 3. Liability for Crimes Committed in Tongo Town ................................................................... 18 (a) The Findings of the Trial Chamber ........................................................................................ 18 (b) Fofana..................................................................................................................................... 20 (i) The Prosecution’s Fourth Ground of Appeal: Instigation................................................... 20 a. Submissions of the Parties ............................................................................................... 20 b. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 21 (ii) The Prosecution’s Fourth Ground of Appeal: Planning .................................................... 24 a. Submissions of the Parties ............................................................................................... 24 b. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 25 (c) Kondewa................................................................................................................................. 26 (i) Kondewa’s Fourth Ground of Appeal: Aiding and Abetting .............................................. 26 a. Submissions of the Parties ............................................................................................... 26 b. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 28 (ii) Prosecution’s Fourth Ground of Appeal: Instigation ......................................................... 31 a. Submissions of the Parties ............................................................................................... 31 b. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 33 4. Liability for Crimes in Koribondo, Bo District and Kenema District ................................... 33 (a) The Findings of the Trial Chamber ........................................................................................ 33 (b) Fofana..................................................................................................................................... 36 (i) The Prosecution’s Third and Fourth Grounds of Appeal: Planning ................................... 36 a. Submissions of the Parties ............................................................................................... 36 b. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 37 (ii) The Prosecution’s Third and Fourth Grounds of Appeal: Aiding and Abetting ............... 38 a. Submissions of the Parties ............................................................................................... 38 b. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 38 (c) Kondewa................................................................................................................................. 39 (i) The Prosecution’s Third and Fourth Grounds of Appeal: Aiding and Abetting ................. 39 a. Submissions of the Parties ............................................................................................... 39 b. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 41 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/b31512/ 5. Summary of Findings ............................................................................................................. 42 B. PROSECUTION ’S FIFTH GROUND OF APPEAL AND KONDEWA ’S FIFTH GROUND OF APPEAL : ENLISTING CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 15 YEARS INTO AN ARMED FORCE OR GROUP AND /OR USING THEM TO PARTICIPATE ACTIVELY IN HOSTILITIES ........................................... 42 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 42 2. The Findings of the Trial Chamber ........................................................................................ 43 3. Kondewa’s Liability............................................................................................................... 44 (a) The Prosecution’s Fifth Ground of Appeal: Whether the Trial Chamber’s Findings Reflect the Full Extent of Kondewa’s Liability ................................................................................ 44 (i) Submissions of the Parties .................................................................................................. 44 (ii) Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 46 a. Whether Kondewa Committed or Aided and Abetted the Recruitment by Enlisting More Than one Child.................................................................................................... 46 b. Whether Kondewa Committed or Aided and Abetted the Use of Child Soldiers ........... 48 (b) Kondewa’s Fifth Ground of Appeal: Committing the Crime of Enlistment of Children ...... 49 (i) Submissions of the Parties .................................................................................................. 49 (ii) Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 50 a. Alleged Error in Finding that Initiation was Enlistment ................................................. 50 (iii) Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 52 4. Fofana’s Liability ................................................................................................................... 52 (a) Prosecution’s Fifth Ground of Appeal: Fofana’s Liability for Aiding and Abetting Enlistment and Use ............................................................................................................... 52 (i) Submissions of the Parties .................................................................................................