U-NIVE-R$JT-Y OJf 'CAJLI'FORNIA PUBLICATOS AN~RICANANARCHA1OLOGY--A-0014EO T,'ANDD ~T4OOY Vol.i 15 o ,p.a$4H,pae S4 pi 12, IFUGAG ECONOMICS at R, P. CARTON UNIVERSI1.Y OF .AI4FOI*0A PRESS BEftzELar, CAIi!1'0RNIA V lRlVSITI0 OF CAIJOR iA ..PELI4ATIO-L S DEPUTMI NT ,OF -A ITHR7OL0G t4ts ; The wing;0N-r -l loo dealtng withw ar-h1eologicalihad .-.. -4a,"'t'n;etnlgial-s.bJic-''0 issued nderth-e direi Dthee of An o s In ehang fr the pubi-. cat.ion-of athrz?poIeaI d menti an museumu , and for: Joudal ,evtdt vienral: anthwolgyo t~ archeolog .ndetnoogy.s They are for sa¢ at the 1#rleeastate.: Ex.cli:aztgee shoud be directed -to The Enlae Drten,>PressUnvrst Zdr. Berkeey, iforzii, U. Cailfowla~S A~Allo~o tdes~adreldittes~ ~~ should~arbe addr totheUieiof ., i. ,', 0 Aw0xoA. A Y A) ETIOL : L lroeber, Zltor.A P4ce : w \ ; tVol'2.lle iF1re.So'fezt,-}4.25;b teibrbyauyEj*,(odr.P.848Volme193.2 t&b -11, ..A..i0cislve, -$350 eaX;.......ac,10.VeoIue 1S~id; ..~oloig8012 |~~~~~~~ie as Uni. GauL Pu! Am. .-c: -,.Bth. ;-; VoL 1. 1. LIfe and Culture of the iup b Pny EXaxle.Godda$. Pp. 1-8.8 plae ladeP Xo-;p-.38th78, .1;o * . The461~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6oronof the P?otte Crek CaAe, byaWilam to;8cair. Pp. i-tX27,plates- ;Apr:. 104-.-0-1 The>LagugesofqtheS Cot ofgalfnla4,S outh ofSaFracisco-, aA.Lby . D-68O *p>q.1904. ~.......,..................... .25........-*b -ioo -4. Easket s of the of orhte --iona; b A; t.s. troe.ber.-PXp.-1048 plats 5-21.< Janiar, IX............5......... .,. .....--t.*-75 x > ; 65. Th LowcinpeeveTout Langua of So.uth£ CetrlGaorian by £by A.)ultalL. X>eb.r 1*p, -d pp.;379492.4w.nZpi-- iapiltt kU Ppb1 VoL 3. TheVoLrS- oloioo, f the u'pa Lagge;bl God 344 pp. - ,V.oL :4. .'1..The,Eaet i~tricileatlun between 1,elc and Japa,frm'origi.nal and ,i th . '. - -tt9nal Id:ux. by Ale ,rli. P. 494d4 wYE-it7.0' ' &et3.2Th-tables,Shoshonean~plt.e 14t)DIp.Ivectan of-map(lf:xI'a,June 19wbZA ..... r 7. P4p3-65t188. ;~~~4 IndianbMysfrlSout %Xutal- VaLoraaby*A.-X; . Krer Pp.i 167- . *~rbr 1907 . W.r .50- 4OA.. The Ma06teria utr.oheAsxt~Lt and Md-cIdaa Nrh W-. &. Pheonoog of th Hup Zsugiage PrA.Th Ini;livSI9ldual -~~~~-lny hzrl Gdr~P. *,20 -lte 1. Mazoll 190 .........................35- -. -z--t**v1g*- \.~~~2 l@vh Myhs*0Prayer.s and Sog,wih '?Xt a Trnltlolsb 7 Wash- ~~ -; --ingtn ~~ndo;Matt---ewrs,pp. p81400.~~~40L"edte y Pll9 are Godr.e Pp 143.::S¢eptem-- V- 2. o LxTsby;ae d P ptii Decemer,1909pi 2.0 - ete|rnClfria;lfaSothr r<b by S. A. Bjrtt Pp. 2a8--9Z ,'''--;. -The.CilurkIndi-arl s and Lag _e. by-olad B'''DiZn. .bP. 293, 380{- ,0-r- i. VoL- '8-. 1t.&'Th Etlo.ograpby of :tb Poz'' dN,eighborig ltndiau by5'Sa-'f- ':.-. - ' - S Alfred Baret Pp.1.32 ulp 12. Feray 190 .. .-.... ..-..-)**^ 8.25- --The 9eg* ply'an edDialects ofi tIndis, by SaueAltred A.On the Tr th a $ionof taie by the, Miok - v 0:-ye.:2 ~id .sin on, coe. Februry, 1-0 .-;:.;..-i:.-. .50-, Vol.?. 1. Th mryil Shell, nX 8.by Ma t ;b;'le. PpX.1.1O6. plDate 142|, wit 38 >~~~~chInveai tlgatin b^arng updu" tb Qusio of0 th Occurrenc of .. .- *Weocene *a- * the_ A~rfewu04! Qrahns'' Qaltfon, by-'illam*sv- ::nclai. Pp * V -Ol.t' l.v;4,, , ,, 0 ; .5', UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 385-446, plates 38-45 April 12, 1922 IFUGAO ECONOMICS BY R. F. BARTON CONTENTS PAGE 1. Environment.................................... 386 Situation.................................... 386 Character of the country.................................... 387 Climate.....................................388 Soil .................................... 389 Correlation of habitat, religion, and economics.................................... 389 Forests.................................... 389 Mineral deposits.................................... 390 Grazing lands 2. Primitive............................food-getting.391.............................390 2HP i it v u n o - e ting ................................... .......................... 391 Hunting.391. Snaring and trapping............................ 394 Insect foods............................ 395 Fishing............................ 396 Wild vegetable foods......................... Summary.397............................. 397 3. Agriculture............................ 398 Food obtained by agriculture............................ 398 Camotes ............................ 399 Rice culture............................ 400 Rice fields ............................ 400 Value of rice fields............................ 401 Preparation of the field for planting............................ 402 Planting............................ 402 Treatment of pests............................. 403 Harvest ............................ 404 Maize............................ 405 Supplementary vegetable foods............................ 406 Gardening............................ 406 Horticulture............................. 406 Luxuries............................. 407 Export crops: coffee............................. 408 Causes determining the location of crops............................. 409 Soil as a factor............................. 410 Irrigation; pests; diversity of crops............................. 410 Advance in agriculture............................. 411 386 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 15 PAGE 4. The organization of agriculture......................... 411 Land tenure.......................... 411 The village system.......................... 413 Cause of size of holdings ......................... 414 Agricultural labor.......................... 415 The daily living.......................... 416 The mobility of labor ......................... 417 Classes of Ifugao society ......................... 418 Servants and slaves ............... 419 Emigration................ 420 5. Animal industry................ 421 6. Forestry............... .422 7. Labor, capital, and manufacture......................... 423 Division of labor.......................... 423 Manufacture.......................... 423 Capital and interest......................... 425 8. Commerce.......................... 426 Methods of exchange: barter ....................... 427 Rice as money........................ 428 Other media of exchange ....................... 430 Addendum ......................... 431 1. ENVIRONMENT SITUATION Ifugaoland is one of the most isolated regions in the Philippines. It is situated on the eastern side of' the Cordillera Central, which, beginning at the northwestern coast, runs south almost to a latitude marking the middle of Luzon Island. The area is about seven hundred and fifty square miles, but, owing to the mountainous character of the country, the actual surface is probably one and three-quarter times as great. The longitude of Ifugaoland is 1200 52' to 1210 33' East, the latitude 16° 20' to 160 58' North. From the crest of the Cordillera Central on the west, where it is bounded by the sub- provinces of Benguet, Bontoc, and Lepanto, regions inhabited by others of the non-Christian tribes, it extends to the Magat on the east, being there bounded by Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya, regions inhabited by tribes who-se Christianization and submission were accomplished during the first of the last century. These two provinces had an estimated population, respectively, of 98,748 and 34,665 in 1916. From Manila, one reaches the habitat of the Ifugao as follows: one day by train to San Fernando, Union, one day by carromata, a kind of covered cart drawn by ponies, to Tagudin, thence by trail to Cervantes (two days), to Bontoc (one or two days), to Benaue in 1922] Barton: Ifugao Economics 387 Ifugao (one or two days). The total travel is therefore from six to eight days, but in the rainy season the time, owing to delays from bridges out, and bad weather, is likely to be much greater. The time required for the transportation of freight from or to Manila varies from two weeks to two months. There are other highways of approach, which, however, are much less feasible for the transportation of bag- gage or freight: the route from Baguio to Buguias, Benguet, thence by foot across the Cordillera Central to Kiangan, Ifugao (the capi- tal); this route requiring five to seven days. The other highway runs from Dagupan to San Nicolas, Pangasinan (one day), thence to Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya (three days), thence to Kiangan (two days), this trip requiring six or seven days provided one encounters no delays. The time required by the mails to Manila (there is one mail a week) is, on the average, ten days. One cannot depend on a reply from Manila by mail in less than a month. It may consequently be seen that the Ifugao are a people econom- ically isolated in the highest degree. They have practically no foreign market whatever for their products. For their imports they must pay middlemen's profits three or four times over as well as high trans- portation charges. And the ordinary middleman's profit in the Philippines and especially in these isolated regions is a thing to make a retailer in more civilized countries green with envy. CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY The region that the Ifugao' inhabit is mountainous in the extreme. The mountains are either the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central or spurs from that range. In the part of the region that is at present inhabited by the Ifugao and that can be properly termed their habitat, the only comparatively level land is the Ligaue plateau. This is a former lake bottom. It has a superfice of some five hundred acres. Within the limits of the political division termed the "Subprovince of Ifugao"