PALGRAVE STUDIES IN MARITIME ECONOMICS Edited by Niels P. Petersson Stig Tenold Nicholas J. White Shipping and Globalization in the Post-War Era Contexts, Companies, Connections Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics Series Editors Hercules Haralambides Erasmus School of Economics Erasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam, The Netherlands Elias Karakitsos EN Aviation & Shipping Research Ltd London, UK Stig Tenold Department of Economics NHH – Norwegian School of Economics Bergen, Norway Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics is a new, original and timely interdisciplinary series that seeks to be pivotal in nature and improve our understanding of the role of the maritime sector within port eco- nomics and global supply chain management, shipping fnance, and maritime business and economic history. Te maritime industry plays an increasingly important role in the changing world economy, and this new series ofers an outlet for reviewing trends and developments over time as well as analysing how such changes are afecting trade, trans- port, the environment and fnancial markets. Each title in the series will communicate key research fndings, shaping new approaches to maritime economics. Te core audience will be academic, as well as policymakers, regulators and international maritime authorities and organisations. Individual titles will often be theoretically informed but will always be frmly evidence-based, seeking to link theory to policy outcomes and changing practices. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15187 Niels P. Petersson · Stig Tenold · Nicholas J. White Editors Shipping and Globalization in the Post-War Era Contexts, Companies, Connections Editors Niels P. Petersson Stig Tenold Shefeld Hallam University Department of Economics Shefeld, UK NHH – Norwegian School of Economics Bergen, Norway Nicholas J. White School of Humanities and Social Science Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool, Merseyside, UK ISSN 2662-6551 ISSN 2662-656X (electronic) Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics ISBN 978-3-030-26001-9 ISBN 978-3-030-26002-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26002-6 © Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s) 2019. Tis book is an open access publication. Open Access Tis book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- nd/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if you modifed the licensed material. 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Cover illustration: Hans Berggren/GettyImages Cover design by Fatima Jadamar Tis Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG Te registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements Te editors wish to thank the following individuals and institutions for their support and contributions to the work on this volume: Liverpool John Moores University and Shefeld Hallam University hosted and supported workshops and editors’ meetings. Te Open Access publica- tion of this book was supported by Shefeld Hallam University, CBS Maritime at the Copenhagen Business School, Norges Handelshøyskoles Publiseringsfond at the Norwegian School of Economics and the Institute for Mediterranean Studies of the Foundation of Research and Technology. Te editors and contributors are grateful for the help in making their research accessible, and they would also like to thank Publisher Rachel Sangster and Editorial Assistant Joseph Johnson at Palgrave Macmillan for their patience and support during the writing process. v Contents 1 Shipping and Globalization in the Post-War Era: Contexts, Companies, Connections 1 Niels P. Petersson, Stig Tenold and Nicholas J. White Part I Contexts 2 Te Declining Role of Western Europe in Shipping and Shipbuilding, 1900–2000 9 Stig Tenold 3 Te Emergence of Maritime Governance in the Post-War World 37 Katharina Reiling 4 Tinking Outside ‘Te Box’: Decolonization and Containerization 67 Nicholas J. White vii viii Contents Part II Companies 5 ‘Containerization in Globalization’: A Case Study of How Maersk Line Became a Transnational Company 103 Henrik Sornn-Friese 6 East Asiatic Company’s Difcult Experiences with Containerization 133 Martin Jes Iversen 7 Shipping as a Knowledge Industry: Research and Strategic Planning at Ocean Group 157 Niels P. Petersson Part III Connections 8 Te Role of Greek Shipowners in the Revival of Northern European Shipyards in the 1950s 185 Gelina Harlaftis and Christos Tsakas 9 Regional, yet Global: Te Life Cycle of Overnight Ferry Shipping 213 René Taudal Poulsen 10 Conclusion 249 Niels P. Petersson, Stig Tenold and Nicholas J. White Index 275 List of Figures Fig. 2.1 World shipbuilding around the turn of the century 13 Fig. 2.2 Shares of world shipbuilding, per cent 19 Fig. 2.3 Shares of the world feet, per cent 1880–2010 21 Fig. 5.1 Te establishment of Maersk Line country ofces 114 Fig. 9.1 Average number of cabin berths per vessel, by route, 1960–2018 226 Fig. 9.2 Average number of lane metres per vessel, by route, 1960–2018 237 Fig. 9.3 Average age of vessels (in years), by route, 1960–2018 239 ix List of Tables Table 2.1 Te world feet of leading countries, 1900 15 Table 2.2 A comparison of the world’s busiest ports, Top 15 1910 and 2010 22 Table 2.3 Putting the shipping trajectory into the Sturmey scheme 25 Table 2.4 Putting the shipbuilding trajectory into the Sturmey scheme 28 Table 5.1 Maersk Line’s Agency Network in 1958 111 Table 5.2 Te Master Plan for the containerization of the Panama line 123 Table 8.1 Tankers built by Greek shipowners in European, American and Asian shipyards, 1948–1960 193 Table 8.2 Tankers built in European and non-European shipyards by Greek shipowners 195 Table 8.3 Loans from American banks for ships purchased, 1949–1959 201 Table 8.4 Te Onassis whaling feet 203 Table 9.1 Decadal changes in the annual number of passengers carried, in percent, by route 225 Table 9.2 Employment of selected ferries, 1957–2018 228 xi 1 Shipping and Globalization in the Post-War Era: Contexts, Companies, Connections Niels P. Petersson, Stig Tenold and Nicholas J. White Introduction In the early autumn of 2016, the major South Korean shipping company Hanjin filed for bankruptcy. The collapse of the company, which had specialized in container shipping, left much of its fleet marooned at sea. More than 60 ships, with cargoes and sailors, were involved. If the ships went to port, it was likely that the creditors would attempt to seize the N. P. Petersson (B) Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK e-mail: [email protected] S. Tenold Department of Economics, NHH – Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway e-mail: [email protected] N. J. White School of Humanities and Social Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s) 2019 1 N. P. Petersson et al. (eds.), Shipping and Globalization in the Post-War Era, Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26002-6_1 2 N. P. Petersson et al. vessels. Some ports were unwilling to admit Hanjin ships out of fear that the company would not be able to pay the costs of docking and unloading, or that the vessels, with disputed ownership, would occupy valuable berths for long periods of time.1 The case received substantial publicity. One reason for this was the fact that Hanjin was a leading shipping company, controlling the seventh largest container fleet in the world. Another reason—and the one that brought the case into non-business media outlets—was the timing of the incident. The Hanjin ships were carrying goods intended to fill shop shelves before the Christmas period. A number of large retailers in Europe and North America feared that thousands of containers with valuable cargo on their way from Asia would not reach their destinations on time.